The health-related habits dietary behaviors and nutrient intakes of the elderly living in Cheongju were investigated by interviews with a questionnaire from August to September in 1996. The responses of 169 free-living elderly aged over 65(male 91, female 78) were analyzed. Thirty-six percent of the subjects smoked currently, 33%, drank alcoholic beverages, and 52% exercise regularly. Exercise was mostly in the from of walking for 1/2-1 hour. Significantly higher proportions of males smoked, drank, and exercised as compared to females. Food groups eaten at every meal were examined on a 5-point scale, and the consumption scores were compared with groups according to sex, age, smoking, drinking, and exercise habits. The elderly who exercised regularly got significantly higher scores in their calcium intakes and the variety of the 6 food groups than the elderly who did not exercise. The dietary assessment data showed that the energy intakes of males and females were 81.9% and 72.8% of the RDAs, respectively. The proportions of the elderly consuming less than 75% of RDAs of vitamin A and calcium were 96.5% and 91.1% of the total subjects, respectively. Higher educational status, more pocket money and regular exercise had positive effects on nutrient intakes, while smoking and drinking among females, but not males, had negative effects. Therefore, to improve nutritional status of the elderly, intake of vitamin A-and calcium-rich food such as milk with regular exercise should be emphasized on the education program.
Aged* ; Alcohol Drinking ; Alcoholic Beverages ; Calcium ; Chungcheongbuk-do* ; Drinking ; Education ; Educational Status ; Female ; Food Habits* ; Humans ; Male ; Meals ; Milk ; Nutritional Status* ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Vitamin A ; Vitamins ; Walking ; Surveys and Questionnaires

This study examined the effects of excess intake of calcium(Ca) and iron(Fe) supplements on iron bioavailability, liver and kidney functions in anemic model rats. Seven-week-old female rats were first fed and Fe-deficient diet for ten weeks, and then fed one of nine experimental diets for an additional eight weeks, containing three levels of Ca, normal (0.5%) or high(1.5%) or excess (2.5%) and three levels of Fe, normal(35ppm) or high(210 ppm) or excess(350ppm). In anemic model rats, serum Fe, total iron binding capacity(TIBC), hemogolin(Hb), hematocrit(Hct) and liver Fe contents were significantly decreased. Apparent Fe absorption significantly increased with increasing dietary Fe levels, and decreased with increasing dietary Ca levels. serum Fe concentration significantly increased in rats fed a high- and excess-Fe diet, and decreased in rats fed a excess-Ca diet. TIBC was decreawed in rats fed a excess-Ca diet, and transferrin saturation(%) increased in rats fed ahigh- and excess-Fe diet. Hb and Hct were decreased in rats fed an excess-Ca diet regardless of dietary Fe levels. Fe and thiobarbituric acid reactin gsubstance(TBARS) Contents of liver significantly increased in rats fed a high- and excess0-Fe diet, and decreased in rats fed a high- and excess-Ca diet. Fe content of the spleen showed similar results. Urinary creatinine and GFR increased in rats fed an excess-Ca diet regardless of dietary Fe levels. GOT, GPT and LDH were not significantly affected by dietary Ca and Fe levels. These results suggest that excess intake of Fe may increase liver Fe deposits and TBARS, and excess intake of Ca may decrease Fe bioavailability and kidney function leading to potential health problems in anemic model rats.
Absorption ; Animals ; Biological Availability* ; Calcium* ; Creatinine ; Diet ; Female ; Humans ; Iron* ; Kidney* ; Liver* ; Rats* ; Spleen ; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ; Transferrin

This study was carried out to see the effect of individualized diet education on the improvement of blood glucose level according to the changes of nutrient intake with the subjects of 25 people. Among 25 people who participated in diabetic education program held in Chilgok-gun public health center, Gyeongbuk, there were 15 diabetic patients(3 males and 12 females) and 10 healthy people(2 males and 8 females) and after the diet education, the results were as follows. As for clinical characteristics, the diabetic group tended to have slightly higher blood pressure than the control group, especially diastolic blood pressure of diabetic group was higher than the control group with a significant level(p<0.05). Blood glucose level measured 2 hours after the meal was higher in the diabetic group than the control group with significant level(p<0.0001). For the clinical characteristic changes before and after the diet education, the blood glucose level in the diabetic group reduced significantly(p<0.01). For the daily diet intake, intake of fat in the diabetic group increased significantly compared to the one before the education(p<0.05). When comparing the ratio of carbohydrate: protein: fat, it was changed from 72.9 : 16.2 : 12.9 before the education to 63.8 : 15.1 : 21.1 after the education. From the above results, it is necessary to perform the diet education which carries out in the health center for diabetic patients with individualized goal by stepwise way rather than as one time try, and by developing the diabetic education media which is appropriate for the patients.
Blood Glucose ; Blood Pressure ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diet* ; Education* ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Humans ; Male ; Meals ; Public Health*

Objective: Adolescent gambling is rapidly increasing recently. However, little is known about the core feature of adolescent gambling that should be the treatment target for adolescents. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the core symptom of adolescent gambling using network analysis with large-scale data targeting community indwelling adolescents. Methods: We used dataset of the 2018 national survey on youth gambling problems collected by the Korea Center on Gambling Problems to explore symptom networks of gambling in adolescents. Of 17,520 respondents in the dataset of the 2018 national survey on youth gambling problems collected by the Korea Center on Gambling Problems, 5,619 adolescents with experience of gambling were included in the analysis. We computed an association network, a graphical least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, and a directed acyclic graph to model symptom interactions. Results: In each network of online, offline, and all gambling, stealing money or other valuable things in order to gamble or pay off gambling debts was the most centrally situated and skipping practice followed by dropping out of activities. Especially strong connections emerged between stealing money or other valuable things in order to gamble or pay off gambling debts and academic performance degradation due to gambling. Feeling bad due to gamble and skipping hanging out with friends who do not gamble emerged as a highly central node that might be distinctive to adolescents with online gambling. Conclusion These findings demonstrate central features of adolescent gambling. Different associations among specific network nodes suggest the existence of distinctive psychopathological constructs between online and offline gambling.

Background: Excessive media use is known to be associated with executive dysfunction in children, but it’s unclear whether this exposure can lead to long-term changes of executive function. This study aimed to investigate the association between media exposure and longitudinal changes in executive function within a population-based study, while considering the potential influence of intelligence. Methods: This study used data from 1,209 participants in the Panel Korea Study for Children.The children’s media exposure was measured at ages 7 and 8, and executive function was evaluated annually from ages 7 to 10 using the Executive Function Difficulty Screening Questionnaire. Participants were grouped by media exposure level (low, medium, or high), and longitudinal changes in executive function were analyzed using linear mixed effects models. Subgroup analysis was conducted to investigate how executive function changes varied based on intelligence within each media exposure group. Results: Children with high media exposure (n = 97) had severer executive function difficulties than those with low (n = 141) or medium (n = 971) exposure in all waves. The high exposure group demonstrated persistent higher executive function difficulties up to age 10 after controlling for child gender, intelligence, parental education level and maternal depression. Children with intelligence quotient (IQ) ≤ 100 in the medium to high media exposure group had significantly more severe executive function difficulties than those with IQ > 100. Conclusion This study provided evidence of a longitudinal negative association between media exposure and executive function. The findings suggest that excessive media exposure may lead to long-term changes in executive function in children and highlight the importance of implementing targeted interventions and educational strategies to mitigate the potential negative effects of excessive media use, particularly for children with lower cognitive abilities.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether infants with rhinovirus (RV) infection-induced wheezing and those with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection-induced wheezing have different cytokine profiles in the acute stage. METHODS: Of the infants with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) between September 2011 and May 2012, 88 were confirmed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and hospitalized. Systemic interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and Treg-type cytokine (IL-10) responses were examined with multiplex assay using acute phase serum samples. RESULTS: Of the 88 patients, 38 had an RV infection (RV group) and 50 had an RSV infection (RSV group). In the RV group, the IFN-γ and IL-10 concentrations were higher in the patients with than in the patients without wheezing (P=0.022 and P=0.007, respectively). In the RSV group, the differences in IFN-γ and IL-10 concentrations did not reach statistical significance between the patients with and the patients without wheezing (P=0.105 and P=0.965, respectively). The IFN-γ and IL-10 concentrations were not significantly different between the RV group with wheezing and the RSV group with wheezing (P=0.155 and P=0.801, respectively), in contrast to the significant difference between the RV group without wheezing and the RSV group without wheezing (P=0.019 and P=0.035, respectively). CONCLUSION: In comparison with RSV-induced LRTI, RV-induced LRTI combined with wheezing showed similar IFN-γ and IL-10 levels, which may have an important regulatory function.
Humans ; Infant* ; Interferon-gamma ; Interleukin-10 ; Interleukin-12 ; Interleukin-13 ; Interleukin-4 ; Interleukin-5 ; Interleukins ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Respiratory Sounds* ; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses* ; Respiratory System* ; Respiratory Tract Infections* ; Reverse Transcription ; Rhinovirus*

OBJECTIVES: To investigate clinical and symptomatic differences among motoric subtypes of delirium. METHODS: A total of 256 patients referred to psychiatric consultation services for delirium due to general medical condition were assessed retrospectively. Motoric subtypes were determined according to Lipowski's criteria for hyperactive, hypoactive and mixed subtypes. All patients were evaluated according to Delirium Rating Scale-Revised-98(DRS-98-R) by trained psychiatrists to obtain symptomatic profiles of delirium. RESULTS: Hyperactive subtype were 50.8%(n=130), mixed 46.1%(n=118) and hypoactive 3.1%(n=8). Hyperactive patients were younger than mixed subtype(69.62±13.976 vs. 73.97±11.569, p=0.022) and received antipsychotics to manage symptoms of delirium more frequently(83.8% vs. 57.6%, p<0.001). Hyperactive patients had higher DRS-R-98 scores on both noncognitive(7.14±3.543 for hyperactive, 5.62±3.279 for mixed subtype) and cognitive subscales(10.00±3.574 for hyperactive, 6.38±2.875 for hypoactive, 7.43±3.771 for mixed subtype, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that clinical and symptomatic profiles were different across motoric subtypes in delirium. Diagnostic and therapeutic approach should be made differently according to motoric subtypes of delirium and special attention is needed not to underestimate or delay treatment in specific motoric subtype of delirium.
Antipsychotic Agents ; Delirium* ; Humans ; Psychiatry ; Retrospective Studies

PURPOSE: To evaluate lung parenchymal change as seen on chest radiographs and high-resolution CT (HRCT) afterthe resolution of adenovirus pneumonia (a common cause of lower respiratory infection in infants and children),and the usefulness of HRCT during follow-up. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Four to 13(mean, 8) months after recovery, tenpatients infected with adenovirus pneumonia underwent HRCT and chest radiographs. Eight were boys and two weregirls, and their mean age was 26(range, 14-45) monthes. Adenovirus pneumonia had been confirmed by viral isolationin culture or serologic test. CT scanning was performed during quiet breathing ; collimation was 2mm and theinterval from apex to diaphragm was 5-10mm. Lung settings were 1600 HU (window width) and -700 HU(level). CTfindings were assessed and compared with chest radiographs by two chest radiologists, who reached a consensus. Thepatients were clinically followed up for one year. RESULT: On chest radiographs, hyperlucent lung was seen in 8of 10 patients (80%) ; in one other there was partial collapse, and in one, findings were normal. The most commonHRCT finding was a mosaic pattern of lung attenuation with decreased pulmonary vascularity in the area of lowerattenuation ; this was seen in 8 of 10 patients (80%). Other findingss were partial collapse, bronchiectasis, andbronchial wall thickening, each seen in two patients, and reticulonodular density, seen in one. In two patientsHRCT findings were normal ; in one of these, chest findings were noraml but a mosaic pattern of lung attenuationwas found in all lobes. During follow-up, three patients wheezed continously. CONCLUSION: In cases of adenoviruspneumonia, HRCT demonstrated more specific parenchymal change than did chest radiographs ; a mosaic pattern oflung attenuation was seen, with decreased pulmonary vascularity in areas of lower attenuation ; bronchiectasis,bronchial wall thickening, and reticulo-odular density were also noted. These findings were presumably due tobronchiolitis obliterans, a well known complication of adenovirus pneumonia, and are prognostically helpful.
Adenoviridae* ; Bronchiectasis ; Bronchiolitis Obliterans ; Consensus ; Diaphragm ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Infant ; Lung* ; Lung, Hyperlucent ; Pneumonia* ; Radiography, Thoracic* ; Respiration ; Serologic Tests ; Thorax* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism is associated with the development and clinical features of systemic sclerosis (SSc) in Korean, we studied seventy two Korean patients with SSc fulfilling the ACR preliminary classification criteria. The controls were 114 healthy, disease free Koreans. ACE I/D genotypes were determined by PCR method using oligonucleotides. Sixty eight patients (94.4%) were women and age at diagnosis was 43.5+/-12.6 yr old (mean+/-SD). Thirty nine patients (54.2%) had a diffuse type of SSc. There were no statistical differences in the frequencies of all ACE I/D genotypes and D allele between patients and controls, and neither between diffuse and limited types of SSc. ACE I/D gene polymorphism was not associated with the development of SSc in Korea. The investigation for the pathogenesis of SSc requires more studies about the role of other candidate genes such as endothelin, TGF-beta, nitric oxide, or angiotensin II receptor in addition to the ACE genes.
Scleroderma, Systemic/*enzymology/*genetics ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/*genetics ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Korea ; Humans ; Genotype ; Gene Frequency ; Female ; DNA/genetics ; Case-Control Studies ; Base Sequence ; Alleles ; Adult