The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among variables which are categorized by two groups : the first group consists of obesity, serum lipids, and blood pressure which were measured by physical index or physiological index, and the second group consists of demographic variables and variables related to lifestyle that is known to influence the first group. The canonical correlation analysis was conducted with the data collected from 400 male clients who visited one university hospital located in Inchon in a period, from May 1996 to December 1996, for physical examination. According to the results, blood pressure and HDL of the first group were shown to have strong relationship with age, alcohol, smoking, exercise of the second group. And total cholesterol, triglyceride, systolic, BMI of the first group were shown to have strong relationship with income status, education, exercise of the second group. And all of the serum lipids (total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL), BMI, and diastolic were shown to have relationship with education, smoking, alcohol. It should be noted that fat rate, which was one of the indices for obesity, was not significant in any of the canonical variates. From the comparative study results on which combination of indices of obesity, serum lipids and blood pressure was related to either alcohol or smoking more, it can be seem that smoking was more highly related to two blood pressure indices such as systolic and diastolic, and that alcohol was highly related to serum lipid indices such as HDL, total cholesterol, triglyceride. Also investigation on what differences exist between the combination of variables showing high relationship to systolic and the combination of variables showing high relationship to diastolic was conducted. Systolic turned out to have relationship with total cholesterol, triglyceride, obesity (fat rate), income status, education, exercise. And diastolic was related to HDL-c, total cholesterol, tryglyceride, obesity (BMI), education, smoking, alcohol. From this results, it could be seen that the combination of variables which have high relationship to systolic and diastolic have different patterns. Lastly, the investigation on what relationships exist between serum lipids and demographic variables/lifestyle variables was conducted. It turned out that HDL-c had high relationship with age, education, income status, alcohol, and that all of serum lipids (total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL) were shown to have high relationship with income status, education, age, exercise. From these results, it could be seen that the demographic variables were more influential both on HDL and on all of serum lipids than lifestyle variables were.
Arteriosclerosis* ; Blood Pressure ; Cholesterol ; Education ; Humans ; Incheon ; Life Style ; Male ; Obesity ; Physical Examination ; Risk Factors* ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Triglycerides

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the suction-induced hypoxemia interventions. METHOD: 30 suction-induced hypoxemia interventions were reviewed for the purpose of meta-analysis. RESULT: The study showed that both preoxygenation and insufflation were the most frequently examined oxygenation time periods, and hyperoxygenation combined with hyperinflation was the most commonly applied oxygenation method in order to prevent suction-induced hypoxemia. The greatest effect was obtained by providing oxygenation before and after suctioning, whereas negative effect(the contrary results from the study hypotheses) was frequently obtained by applying insufflation only. Applying hyperoxygenation combined with hyperinflation had the greatest effect over that of applying hyperoxygenation only, even though the difference between effect sizes of both methods were statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The results of meta-analysis showed that the occurrence rate of hypoxemia after suctioning was significantly reduced with the overall interventions for hypoxemia (decreasing 40% of occurrence rate), independent with time periods or methods for providing oxygenation.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to develop and test the hypothetical model which explains smoking cessation behavior was established based on the Triandis' interpersonal behavior theory. METHOD: The data were collected from the 400 university student smokers enrolled in the universities located in Seoul and Kyung-In province. The study was analyzed by path analysis with LIESREL 8 program. RESULTS: All of the fit statistics, except the Chi-square value, it showed the hypothetical model was well fitted to the data. Benefit, affect, and social influences related to smoking cessation behavior had significant direct effect on intention to smoking cessation as shown in the study of the hypothetical model. Perceived barrier and the physiologic arousal related to smoking cessation had significant direct effects on performing smoking cessation behavior, whereas numbers of previous attempts to quit smoking and intention to smoking cessation did not.
Arousal ; Humans ; Intention ; Seoul ; Smoke* ; Smoking Cessation* ; Smoking*

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to combine the effects of pulmonary rehabilitation program (PRP) on exercise capacity/tolerance and general health status of COPD patients based on the primary research results examined the effects of PRP. METHOD: Seventeen studies were selected by the sampling criteria established to include the studies that reported enough statistics necessary to conduct meta-analysis. RESULT: According to the study results, the most effective indicators for exercise capacity/tolerance were exercise time (such as cycling time or treadmill walking time) and ground walking distance within given time (6 minutes or 12 minutes), whereas effects on such indicators as VE and VO2 were not statistically significant. PRP induced significant effect on patients' general health status, frequently measured by physical, psycho-emotional, and holistic indicators, the enhancement on psycho-emotional dimension resulted from PRP was more prominent than those of the other dimensions. From the results, it was noted that the place where PRP was given and the contents of PRP exercised their influence on the outcome variables. Which body part was trained was also one of the important factors that influence on the patients' perception of dyspnea during exercise as well as on exercise capacity/tolerance. CONCLUSION: PRP including exercise training significantly improved the exercise capacity and general health status of COPD patients.

The purpose of the study was to examine if individual characteristics and experiences related to smoking behavior identified from the literature were significantly associated with behavior-specific cognitions and affect in the same way as presented in Pender's Revised Health Promotion Model(Pender, 1996). The subjects selected for this study were 400 college students enrolled in more than 10 colleges located in Seoul and Kyunggi-Inchon province. According to the study results, personal factors (i.e., perceived health status, the past history of disease, and symptoms related to smoking) and related behavior (i.e., the degree of alcohol consumption, and exercise) are significantly associated with behavior-specific cognitions and affect (i.e., perceived barriers to smoking cessation, perceived self-efficacy, and perceived benefits of smoking cessation). The canonical correlation between two groups of variables was .59, and it turned out to be statistically significant. Thirty-four percent of variance of the relationship between two group of variables was explained by two canonical variates which turned out to be significant in the study results. The result could be interpreted from the view of psycho-social area as follows: overall, this study includes important variables which explain the association between two groups of variables.
Alcohol Drinking ; Cognition* ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Seoul ; Smoke* ; Smoking Cessation* ; Smoking*

This study was conducted to examine if the revised HPM was appropriate to explain smoking quitting behavior. A convenience sample of 400 college students enrolled in the universities located in Seoul and Kyunggi-Inchon province was selected. According to the study results, smoking-specific cognitions and affect included in the study could significantly explain commitment to a plan to quit smoking which was one of the behavioral outcomes in the revised HPM. The study result showed that among predictors, smoking-related affect, perceived benefit of quitting smoking, and perceived self-efficacy significantly explained commitment to a plan to quit smoking, but perceived barriers and interpersonal influences did not. The model for smoking quitting behavior formulated with smoking-specific cognitions and affect was statistically significant and the model explained 48 percent of variance in smoking quitting behavior. More specifically, it was shown that among smoking-specific cognitions and affect, only smoking-related affect, interpersonal influences, and perceived self-efficacy were the significant predictors to explain smoking quitting behavior. Smoking-related affect was the most important variable to explain smoking quitting behavior, followed by perceived self-efficacy. However, the influence of commitment to a plan to quit smoking on smoking quitting behavior was not statistically significant. Lastly, the model for smoking quitting behavior formulated with individual characteristics and experiences could explain 13 percent of the variance in behavior to quit smoking. Although the model is statistically significant, only the number of quitting attempts had significant and direct influence on behavior to quit smoking, while the remaining variables did not.
Cognition* ; Humans ; Seoul ; Smoke* ; Smoking*

This study was conducted to test whether a comprehensive health promotion program for rheumatoid arthritis (CHPRRA) affected patients' health promotion strategies and knowledge about the disease, thus leading to the improvement of health status by using repeated measure of quasi- experiment design. Eighteen RA patients who visited the RA clinic of an university hospital located in Inchon were invited to participate in the CHPPRA. According to the study results, it was shown that the CHPPRA had significant effects on the patients' health status such as pain, depression, and functional disability. Also, that the improvement of health status was achieved by a positive change in the four health promotion strategies, which consisted of goal setting, positive thinking, exercise, and knowledge about the disease. Goal setting, positive thinking, and knowledge about the disease could also affect the patients' depression. Thus it can be interpreted that the improvement of these strategies may result in a remarkable decrease of depression. In addition, alleviation of functional disability may be due to increase of exercise. However although the strategies which were directly associated with pain management were not significantly improved, pain was significantly reduced. On the other hand, the study result showed that the other health promotion strategies included in CHPPRA such as pain management, positive thinking, stress management, asking for assistance and communication were not significantly increased. although the health status such as pain, depression, and functional disability, which are final goals of the program, were significantly improved through the exposition of patients to those health promotion strategies.
Arthritis, Rheumatoid ; Depression ; Hand ; Health Behavior ; Health Promotion* ; Humans ; Incheon ; Pain Management ; Thinking

This study was conducted to test whether a comprehensive health promotion program for rheumatoid arthritis (CHPRRA) affected patients' health promotion strategies and knowledge about the disease, thus leading to the improvement of health status by using repeated measure of quasi- experiment design. Eighteen RA patients who visited the RA clinic of an university hospital located in Inchon were invited to participate in the CHPPRA. According to the study results, it was shown that the CHPPRA had significant effects on the patients' health status such as pain, depression, and functional disability. Also, that the improvement of health status was achieved by a positive change in the four health promotion strategies, which consisted of goal setting, positive thinking, exercise, and knowledge about the disease. Goal setting, positive thinking, and knowledge about the disease could also affect the patients' depression. Thus it can be interpreted that the improvement of these strategies may result in a remarkable decrease of depression. In addition, alleviation of functional disability may be due to increase of exercise. However although the strategies which were directly associated with pain management were not significantly improved, pain was significantly reduced. On the other hand, the study result showed that the other health promotion strategies included in CHPPRA such as pain management, positive thinking, stress management, asking for assistance and communication were not significantly increased. although the health status such as pain, depression, and functional disability, which are final goals of the program, were significantly improved through the exposition of patients to those health promotion strategies.
Arthritis, Rheumatoid ; Depression ; Hand ; Health Behavior ; Health Promotion* ; Humans ; Incheon ; Pain Management ; Thinking

BACKGROUND: Various kinds of methods had been tried to reduce pain on injection of propofol. In this study, the effect of lidocaine pretreatment and that of temperature controlled injections were compared and evaluated its clinical utility. METHODS: One hundred and twenty patients were randomly allocated into 4 groups after permission. Room temperature propofol was used as induction agent in group P,. In group C, cooling (4 degrees C) propofol was used and warming propofol (37 degrees C) in group H. And room temperature propofol following lidocaine (1 mg/kg) was used in group L. Injection dosage of propofol was 2 mg/kg and injection speed was 2 ml/sec in all groups. In each patients, pain score and visual analog scale were measured and tested by ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: There were no statistical significant difference in pain score among the 4 groups. But in visual analog scale analysis, group L markedly reduced values than the other groups by statistically significant manner (in Duncan grouping). CONCLUSION: The alleviating effect of lidocaine pretreatment on painful injection was better than that of changing temperature of propofol itself. More over effectiveness, in view of simplicity, we recommend lidocaine pretreatment.
Humans ; Lidocaine ; Propofol* ; Visual Analog Scale

PURPOSE: This study was to examine the rate of recovery from the consciousness impairment from two sessions of comprehensive consciousness stimulation program. Which was developed for this study, was higher than the one which was obtained naturally with only conventional care. METHOD: The subjects were selected among the patients who were admitted in the Intensive Care Unit or in the Sub-Intensive Care Unit in one of the university hospital, located in Inchon. For the treatment of the deterioration of his/her consciousness level resulting from neurological causes. RESULTS: The effect of the first intervention on consciousness state began to appear two weeks the intervention initiation and to disappear two weeks after the end of the intervention. The significant effect of the second session of the consciousness stimulation program also began to appear two weeks the second intervention initiation and persisted until 4 months after intervention was terminated. CONCLUSION: It appeared that the first intervention effect had gradual onset and gradual decay, while the second intervention effect had gradual onset and permanent duration.
Consciousness* ; Humans ; Incheon ; Intensive Care Units