No abstract available.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Cyclin D1* ; Cyclins* ; Survival Rate*

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of chronic deprivation of estradiol on the serotonin level in Sprague-Dawley rat's cerebral cortex and hippocampus. METHODS: One hundred of female Sprague-Dawley rats were taken care for seven to eight weeks, then they were randomly assigned into two group; fifty rats underwent bilateral oophorectomy & the remaining rats were the control group. Six months after oophorectomy, brain tissue was extracted from cerebral cortex and hippocampus and then homogenated: this was done in the both groups. The upper layer of the homogenated substance was taken and frozen and finally dried up. The next process was marking with PITC, quantification through HPLC and comparing with authentic serotonin. Protein quantity was measured by using Bradford method. RESULTS: Comparison between the bilateral oophorectomy group and the control group for serotonin content in the cerebral cortex was 134.2+/-14.3 nmol/mg protein(mean+/-SEM) and 122.5+/-11.6 nmol/mg protein in each group. As for the serotonin content in the hippocampus was 148.8+/-13.9 nmol/mg protein and 132.9+/-13.7 nmol/mg protein in each group. It shows that, there was no significant difference in the serotonin level, in the two areas mentioned above. CONCLUSION: The effect of estradiol on the serotonin level may be dependent on the hormonal change duration. Chronic effect of hypoestrogenism might have no effect on tryptophan hydroxylase and monoamine oxidase, thus not changin the serotonin level. These data supported the previous findings that chronic hypoestrogenism had no effect on serotonin level.
Animals ; Brain ; Cerebral Cortex* ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Estradiol ; Female ; Female* ; Hippocampus* ; Humans ; Monoamine Oxidase ; Ovariectomy* ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley* ; Serotonin* ; Tryptophan Hydroxylase

No abstract available.
Thanatophoric Dysplasia*

No abstract available.
Amnion* ; Endometriosis* ; Endometrium* ; Female

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of different intensity of aerobic exercise for four weeks on cardiovascular risk factors, reactive oxygen, and antioxidant enzymes in old mice. Methods: Eighteen male C57BL/6 mice age 18 months were randomly classified into the control group (n=6), the moderate intensity exercise group (n=6), and the low intensity exercise group (n=6). The training groups performed the aerobic exercise twice daily for 20 minutes, five days weekly for four weeks. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA), the Chi-square test, and the Tukey’s test with the SPSSWIN 21.0 program. Results: In this study, among the risk factors of cardiovascular disease, blood sugar (BS) (p=.023) and total cholesterol (TC) (p=.001) were significantly different between the moderate intensity exercise group and the control group. Additionally, there were significant differences in the reactive oxygen malondialdehyde (MDA) (p=.001), the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p<.001) and glutathione reductase (GR) (p=.015) between the moderate intensity exercise group and the control group. Conclusion This finding suggests that moderate intensity aerobic exercise promotes the activity of antioxidant enzymes and lowers cardiovascular risk factors in older mice.

PURPOSE: This study was a descriptive survey research to identify the factors that influence sick role behavior compliance in patients on hemodialysis. METHODS: Structured surveys were used to collect data from 170 patients who are on hemodialysis three times a week through outpatient care at a university hospital located in G City using tools measuring resilience, family support, and sick role behavior compliance. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and Stepwise multiple linear regression. RESULTS: The results showed that factors that influenced sick role behavior compliance in the subjects were in the order of family support (β=.27, p < .001), age (β=.27, p < .001), and resilience (β=.23, p=.003). Resilience, family support, and sick role behavior compliance were positively correlated. Factors influencing hemodialysis patients' sick role behavior compliance included family support, age, and resilience. These variables explained 30.2% of the variance in sick role behavior compliance. CONCLUSION: Based on these results, care intervention and the development of a training program that involves family in the treatment plan and process to support and encourage patients are needed to increase the sick role behavior compliance in patients on hemodialysis.
Ambulatory Care ; Compliance ; Education ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Patient Compliance ; Renal Dialysis ; Sick Role

Kainic acid[KA], a glutamic acid analogue, has been widely used as a excitotoxin in the study of neurotoxicity due to its ability to induce strong excitation and to increase intracellular calcium concentration of the mature central nervous system[CNS] neurons. However, it is not well known whether KA is also strongly cytotoxic to the neurons of the postnatal brain. We have injected KA into rats at different developmental stages and have investigated the changes in the expression of c-fos[transcriptional factor and a marker of neuronal activity], heat shock proetin 72[hsp 72, a neuronal injury marker], and glial fibrillary acidic protein[GFAP, a neuronal injury marker] mRNAs, which are known to be increased in KA-induced neurotoxicity, and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase [GAPDH, a house keeping gene] mRNAs with in situ hybridization histochemistry using specific riboprobes. The expression of c-fos mRNA was first identified in the CA3 area of hippocampus from 6hr after KA treatment in P7 rats. The c-fos mRNA-expressing area and the level of expression was gradually increased from P7 to adult. Hsp 72 mRNA was first expressed in the dentate gyrus and hippocampus from 6hr after KA treatment in P2l rats. In the adult rats, hsp 72 mRNA was broadly expressed in the brain at 2hr after KA treatment. The increase of GFAP mRNA expression was first identified in Pl4 rat brain from 6hrs after KA treatment, and by the development of brain it tends to appear earlier. The expression of GAPDH mRNA, however, did not show changes after KA treatment except for the adult rats showing a slight decrease at 12hr after KA treatment. These results suggest that KA may offer different level of cytotoxicity to the developing neurons by their developmental status and the difference may be correlated with the completion of synaptogenesis and increase of KA receptor.
Adult ; Animals ; Brain* ; Calcium ; Dentate Gyrus ; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein ; Glutamic Acid ; Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate ; Hippocampus ; Hot Temperature ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization ; Kainic Acid* ; Neurons ; Neurotoxins ; Oxidoreductases ; Rats* ; RNA, Messenger ; Shock

Recently, surmountable amounts of genes are being cloned without information about them and it has become neccessary to develop new techniques for discovering genes with more informaiion like as chromosomal location and possible functions. We have developed one such a method and applied it to search for genes that may be related with the neural development. The mRNAs were extracted from cerebral cortex of 18 week old human fetus, cDNAs were made by reverse transcription from these mRNAs and Uni-amp cDNAs having Uni-amp adapters at both ends were made for subsequent PCR. To observe the distribution of the Uni-amp cDNAs on the chromosome, fluorescent in situ hybridization was performed with biotin labeled Uni-amp cDNAs. Among the chromosome bands showing strong hybridization with the cDNAs, 7q22 was microdissected from the chromosome hybridized with unlabeled Uni-amp cDNAs and amplified by PCR with Uni-amp primers. These amplified cDNA fragment were subcloned to vectors and the nucleic acid sequences were analysed. As a result, 46 different clones were obtained. They were categorized as 12 clones of well characterized genes, 14 clones showing low homology with known genes, 13 clones of simply registered uncharacterized human cDNAs, 7 clones of unknown genes. In situ hybridization histochemistry of 34 novel genes, except 12 known genes, were performed on developing and adult rat tissue sections to see the tissue specificity and developmental expression of these genes. The expression of several novel genes were restricted to the nervous system. From these results, it may be suggested that our technique is very useful to clone the genes expressed in the developing human braine with confirmed chromosomal location. In addition, this cloning technique can be used to discover the new genes related with neural development in combination with functional screening methods.
Adult ; Animals ; Biotin ; Brain ; Cerebral Cortex ; Clone Cells ; Cloning, Organism ; DNA, Complementary* ; Fetus ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Mass Screening ; Microdissection ; Nervous System ; Organ Specificity ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rats ; Reverse Transcription ; RNA, Messenger

Diabetes is a rapidly increasing heath care problem all over the world due to increased prevalence during past decade. Diabetic nephropathy develops in 25-30% of patients with type 1 diabetes and is the leading cause of end stage renal disease. Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by persistent proteinuria, decline in renal function, hypertension and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Early detection of diabetic nephropathy risk is an important goal because early diagnosis and treatment prevent advanced renal damage and other diabetic complications. Increased urinary albumin excretion rate is widely accepted as the first clinical sign of diabetic nephropathy. However, reduced glomerular filtration or hypertension could be the first manifestation in some diabetic patients. We need improved markers and predictors of diabetic nephropathy risk. We report a case of diabetic nephropathy and decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) without microalbuminuria occcured in type 1 diabetic patient.
Diabetes Complications ; Diabetic Nephropathies* ; Early Diagnosis ; Filtration ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; Mortality ; Prevalence ; Proteinuria

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine carcinoma with a high rate of metastasis. MCC is rarely suspected during clinical examination, thus requiring biopsy to establish a pathologic diagnosis. In addition, MCC sometimes occurs in double primary cancers. Although there have been reviews on double primary cancers, only a few cases involving MCC have been described. Herein, we report a case of a 54-year-old female patient who presented to our clinic with a diagnosis of earlobe MCC following an excisional biopsy performed by another clinic. Further evaluation, including chest imaging, revealed a mass in the lung. The patient underwent a wide excision of the right earlobe, and video-assisted thoracic surgery on the lung. Pathology confirmed MCC in the right earlobe and adenocarcinoma in the lung. The patient underwent postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy. Up to this point, 3 years after the surgery, there has been no evidence of recurrence.