No abstract available.
Haemophilus* ; Prevalence* ; Sputum*

No abstract available.
Haemophilus* ; Prevalence* ; Sputum*

BACKGROUND: Bacteriokiller system(BKS) produces disinfectant which is generated by the mixture of active oxygen and hypochlorous acid with tap water. Previous studies showed that BKS disinfectant is highly bacteridal against clinical isolates in in vitro testings and more effective than general soap and water for the disinfecttion of contaminated handa. This study was performed to evaluate ling-trem effects of BKS as a handwasing agent in clinical settings. METHODS: Five BKS were installed for the 9-month period from June 1995 to February 1996 in 16-bed Neurosurgery Intensive Care Unit. Handwashing was frequency was observed after 1, 6, and 8 month of BKS use. Six-month incidences of nosocomial infecrion before and after BKS installation were compared to evaluate the possible effect of handwashings on nosocomial infection rates. A self-administered questionaire was used to collect data on handwashing frequency and their opinions of the BKS disinfectant at 2 and 8 months after the installation. RESULTS: Handwashing frequency of healthcare workers(HCWs) before and after patient contacts was increased from 34.1%(137/402) to 50.3%(193/384) (p<0.00001). At the same time, the 6-month nosocomial infection rate was down to 10.5%(43/411) from the pre-BKS rate of 13.0%( 51/431) and the patient-day rate was also decreased from 18.3(56/3068) to 15.1(43/2,844). Most (80.5%) of HCWs thought that BKS promote handwashing and "convenience" was the main reason for more frequent handwashing. Ninety three percent of HCWs would recommend the replacement of tne existing sinks and handwashing disinfectants with BKS. NO adverse skin reaction were reported after 8 months. Conclusions: BKS appears to promote handwashing because it is easy to use with no skin irritation and may contribute toward the prevention of nosocomial infections.
Cross Infection ; Delivery of Health Care ; Disinfectants ; Hand Disinfection ; Humans ; Hypochlorous Acid ; Incidence ; Intensive Care Units ; Neurosurgery ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Skin ; Soaps

BACKGROUND: Serum transferrin receptor (sTfR) level has been reported to be a sensitive indicator of tissue iron deficiency and also reflects the erythropoietic activity in bone marrow. As little is known about the difference of sTfR between adults and children in Korea, authors tried to determine the changes of sTfR level according to the age in apparently healthy subjects. And we also defined the correlation between sTfR and iron parameters. METHODS: A total of 522 healthy population without anemia was investigated for the sTfR level and the evidence of iron deficiency. The population was divided into 4 groups according to age, i.e., adults aged 23 to 58 years (n=110), adolescents aged 14 to 19 years (n=125), young children aged 3 to 7 years (n=136), and infants aged 4 to 24 months (n=151). CBC, iron parameters, and sTfR were tested and analyzed. Serum transferrin receptor was assayed by IDeATMsTfR IEMA (soluble transferrin receptor immunoenzymometric assay, Orion Diagnostica, Finland) test kits. RESULTS: The mean values of sTfR were 2.41+/-0.99 mg/L in adults and 2.10+/-1.07 mg/L in adolescents aged 17 to 19 years (P=0.214). The sTfR level in infants was 5.49+/-1.81 mg/L and significantly higher than in young children of 3.12+/-1.45 mg/L (P<0.001). The level of sTfR in male infants aged 4-24 months was 5.89 mg/L and that of female infants with same age was 5.11 mg/L (P =0.019). The sTfR level was significantly correlated with mean corpuscular volume (r=-0.67, P <0.01), total iron binding capacity (r=0.52, P <0.01), and transferrin saturation (r=-0.45, P <0.01), however ferritin level showed poor correlations with hemoglobin (r=0.11, P=0.06), serum iron (r=0.01,P =0.97), and transferrin saturation (r=0.18, P <0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The mean value of sTfR is different according to the age and appears to reach adult level at the period of adolescent. On the basis of correlation study, sTfR is a more correlative indicator of iron status than ferritin. The prevalence rate of iron deficiency is still high and sufficient iron supplement is needed even in infants without anemia.
Adolescent ; Adult* ; Anemia ; Bone Marrow ; Child* ; Erythrocyte Indices ; Female ; Ferritins* ; Humans ; Infant ; Iron ; Korea ; Male ; Prevalence ; Receptors, Transferrin* ; Statistics as Topic ; Transferrin*

No abstract available.

No abstract available.

BACKGROUND: Kluyvera, a new genus in the family Enterobacteriaceae, has been rarely isolated from clinical specimens and regarded as an opportunistic pathogen. Although there were several case reports in Korea, most of them were reported at a genus level except a case of K. cyrocrescens. We isolated Kluyvera species from seven patients from July 1996 to January 1999. We identified them to species level and investigated their clinical significance. METHODS: The medical records of seven patients were reviewed for demographical findings, underlying diseases, diagnoses, the association of Kluyvera isolates with disease, antibiotic treatments, and clinical outcomes. Eight strains were identified and tested for the antimicrobial susceptibilities by MicroScan Neg Combo type 14 and 21 Panel(Dade Behring, USA). Five of the eight strains had been stored at -70degrees C and were tested for ascorbate fermentation, the ability to grow and ferment glucose at 5degrees C, and the zone of inhibition around carbenicillin and cephalothin. RESULTS: Kluyvera isolates were regarded as true pathogens in six of seven cases including Hickman-catheter associated sepsis(HCAS), empyema, peritonitis, necrotizing cholecystitis, sepsis, and liver abscess although the latter four cases yielded mixed cultures. While three of the six patients had underlying diseases, malignant lymphoma, hepatocellular carcinoma and stomach cancer, other three were previousely healthy. Most of them were improved with an empirical therapy, but Kluyvera species was repeatedly isolated from the HCAS case in spite of the antibiotic treatment; it was cured bacteriologically after the removal of the catheter. The five isolates were all confirmed to be K. ascorbata by positive ascorbate test, and failure to grow at 5degrees C. CONCLUSIONS: Six of the seven cases including three with no underlying diseases, isolates of Kluyvera species were found clinically significant, suggesting that Kluyvera species is potentially pathogenic in healthy individuals as well as compromized hosts. MicroScan system is capable of identifying Kluyvera species at the genus level, but not at the species level. The ascorbate test is simple and useful for differ entiation of K. ascorbata from K. cryocrescens.
Carbenicillin ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; Catheters ; Cephalothin ; Cholecystitis ; Diagnosis ; Empyema ; Enterobacteriaceae ; Fermentation ; Glucose ; Humans ; Kluyvera* ; Korea ; Liver Abscess ; Lymphoma ; Medical Records ; Peritonitis ; Sepsis ; Stomach Neoplasms

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of obese and underweight adolescents in Incheon area and to examine the relationship between serum cholesterol level and obesity, then to assess the nutritional condition of adolescents. METHODS: With a questionnaire regarding their demographic characteristics, blood samples were obtained from apparently healthy students aged 12 to 24 years by venipuncture at April and May, 2000. We measured the obesity index using standard body weight and the body mass index(BMI) according to the criteria established by the Korean Pediatric Society in 1998. Obesity was defined as BMI more than 95 percentile, and underweight less than 15 percentile by age and sex. RESULTS: A total of 1,456 students(M:F=685:771) aged 12 to 24 years were included in this study. The prevalence of obesity by standard body weight in adolescents in Incheon were 11.7%:mild obesity 6.5%, moderate 4.6%, and severe 0.5%. By BMI, the prevalence of obesity was 6.4% in males and 6.2% in females. In males, the prevalence of obesity in rural areas was 8.5%, lower than in urban areas(14.3%). The prevalence of underweight by obesity index was 34.1% in rural areas and 22.9% in urban areas. In females, the prevalence of obesity was 12.5% in rural areas and 19.6% in urban areas. There were no significant differences between the two regions(P=0.529). The prevalence of obesity increased with age till 16.3% of peak prevalence in 16 years of age, and then decreased. In males, the prevalence of obesity in academic and vocational school were 13.7% and 9.7%, respectively(P=0.116). In females of the academic and vocational school, the prevalence of obesity was 6.8% and 18.0%, respectively(P=0.001). In obese adolescents, serum total cholesterol was over 200 mg/dL in 6.2%. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that the prevalence of obesity in adolescents was about 12% and that the prevalence of underweight adolescents was considerably high. We think nutritional assessment and intervention are warranted for adolescent students.
Adolescent* ; Body Weight ; Cholesterol* ; Female ; Humans ; Hypercholesterolemia ; Incheon* ; Male ; Nutrition Assessment ; Obesity* ; Phlebotomy ; Prevalence* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Thinness*

The hand hygiene behavior of 400 middle school students (grades 1-3) in Seoul and Gyeonggi-Do was studied to determine how stages of change were affected by food safety education, focusing on hand hygiene and general food safety. Subjects were 51.3% male and 44.3% of study subjects were first graders of middle school. Approximately 40% of subjects were at the stage of action, 42.7% were at the stage of contemplation, and 16.4% were at pre-contemplation. The most important factor that influenced proper hand washing was self efficacy (P < 0.001). Proper hand washing was also correlated significantly with positive belief (P < 0.01) and stages of change (P < 0.01). After food safety education by high-school mentors, middle-school students who were in the stages of pre-contemplation (11.1%) and contemplation (88.9%) showed significant progression toward the action stage (P < 0.001). Proper hand washing (P < 0.01) and food safety knowledge (P < 0.05) were also significantly increased after educational intervention.
Food Safety ; Hand ; Hand Disinfection ; Hand Hygiene ; Humans ; Male ; Mentors ; Self Efficacy

BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) frequently occurs in adolescents because of accelerated physical growth in boys and girls. This was aimed at assessing the prevalence of iron deficiency and IDA in apparently healthy Korean adolescents according to the gender and age. METHODS: Apparently healthy students(M: F=1: 1.2) aged 11 to 24 years were included in this study and blood samples were obtained from April to May, 2000. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell indices, serum ferritin, iron and total iron-binding capacity were measured. RESULTS: In males, the prevalence of iron deficiency was 15.7% in the 11~12 years group, 16.1% in the 13~14 years group, 9.9% in the 15~16 years group, and 6.4% in the 17~18 years group. In females, the prevalence of iron deficiency was 26.8% in 11~12 years group, 27.9% in the 13~14 years group, 38.8% in the 15~16 years group, 36.0% in the 17~18 years group, 30.9% in the 19~24 years group. The prevalence of IDA in males was 3.6% in 11~12 years, 2.1% in 13~14 years group, 1.9% in 15~16 years group, and 0.6% in 17~18 years group. The prevalence of IDA in females was 4.2% in 11~12 years, 9.7% 13~14 years, 20.4% in 15~16 years, 16.2% in 17~18 years group, and 12.4% in 19~24 years group. CONCLUSION: As the prevalence of iron deficiency and IDA were substantially greater than expected, studies of iron state in adolescent girls, especially middle to high school age, should be undertaken to assess iron deficiency.
Adolescent* ; Anemia ; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency ; Erythrocytes ; Female ; Ferritins ; Hematocrit ; Humans ; Incheon* ; Iron* ; Male ; Prevalence