Tow cases of congenital ectodermal defect in brothers aged 15 and 10 years were pesinted and the literature was reviewed. They had lack of sweating, sparseness of the hard hairs, absence of lanugo hairs, maldevelopment or defect of most of the teeth, etc. They seemed to be angidrotic type associated with a sex-linked reccessive inheritance in their family backgroud.
Ectodermal Dysplasia* ; Hair ; Humans ; Siblings ; Sweat ; Sweating ; Tooth ; Wills

A 28-yr-old woman, weighing 61 kg with bleeding myoma of uterus was scheduled for total abdominal hysterectomy. There was no history of cardiac arrhythmia or syncope. She was not premedicated. The heart rate was 115 beats/min and arterial pressure was 155/95 mmHg, immediately before the induction of anesthesia. Under the preoxygenation, anesthesia was induced with IV injection of thiopental sodium 250 mg followed by succinylcholine 75 mg. About 20 seconds after the succinylcholine bolus, the ECG showed an abrupt change from sinus rhythm to asystole without any stimulus including laryngoscopy. After a precordial thump and atropine 0.5 mg IV, tracheal intubation and ventilation with 100% O2 were quickly accomplished. Normal sinus rhythm with heart rate of 87 beats/min returned during laryngoscopy and intubation. The interval from the sinus arrest to the reestablishment of normal sinus rhythm was only 15 seconds. Surgery proceeded uneventfully and the patient recovered without any complication.
Anesthesia ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Arterial Pressure ; Atropine ; Electrocardiography ; Female ; Heart Arrest* ; Heart Rate ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Hysterectomy ; Intubation ; Laryngoscopy ; Myoma ; Succinylcholine* ; Syncope ; Thiopental ; Uterus ; Ventilation

Hysterosalpingography and Hysteroscopy have been used for the detection of intraute-rine pathology such as polyps, submucous myomas, intrauterine adhesion and endometrial hyperplasia or cancer. Recently the ultrasound has also been utilized for the detection of uterine pathology. Therefore the purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of SonoHysterography in detection of intrauterine pathology compared with HSG and Hysteroscopy. 32 patients underwent Sono-Hysterography and Hysteroscopy for the evaluation of the uterine pathology from september 1995 to January 1996. Nine of 32 patients had infertility problem and HSG performed prior to Sono-Hysterography and Hysteroscopy. The results are as follows : 1. The patients' ages ranged from 20 to 50 years(median 37.9). 2. All 9 patients with infertility who had positive HSG findings in uterine cavity showed the intrauterine pathology in Sono-Hysterography as well as Hysteroscopy. The detail findings are as follows :septated uterus(n=2), intrauterine adhesion :IUA(n=3), endometrial polyp(n=3), and IUA combined endmetrial hyperplasia(n=1). 3. Twenty two of 23 patients with abnormal uterine bleeding showed the intrauterne pathology and one patient had negative finding in Sono-Hysterography. However, Hysteroscopy revealed positive intrauterine pathology in 22 patients who had abnormal uterine bleeding. One patients who had positive finding in Sono-Hysterograply showed negative by Hysterography. In contrast, one patient who had negative finding in Sono-Hysterography had positive uterine pathology with polyp in Hysteroscopy. The histologic pathology in all 23 patients reported endometrial polyp(n=12), placental polyp(n=2), submucous myoma(n=1), endometrial hyperplasia(n=5), endometrial cancer(n=1), normal endometrial finding(n=2). 4. Sono-Hysterography, therefore, has a sensitivity and positive predictive value of 96.6%, 93.5% respectively. Our study showed a positive Sono-Hysterography is very predictive of the intrauterine pathology. Sono-Hysterography is safe, quick and minimal invasive procedure. So it is an invaluable technique in the evaluation of uterine cavity.
Endometrial Hyperplasia ; Female ; Humans ; Hysterosalpingography ; Hysteroscopy* ; Infertility ; Myoma ; Pathology* ; Polyps ; Ultrasonography ; Uterine Hemorrhage

PURPOSE: To analyze and compare ultrasound pachymetry (USP) with a more recently adopted device, the intra ocular lens (IOL) master 700, which are both used to measure central corneal thickness. METHODS: The central corneal thickness was measured in 24 eyes of 12 glaucoma patients and in 83 eyes of 42 normal patients. First, the IOL master 700 was used to measure the central corneal thickness, followed by measurements taken using USP later. The results were analyzed using a paired t-test. We analyzed the agreement and the correlations between the two test devices by using Bland-Altman plots and the Pearson correlation test. To evaluate the reproducibility, measurements with the IOL master 700 were taken twice for a few normal patients within a small time interval. RESULTS: Via the IOL master 700, the thickness of the central cornea showed a high reproducibility and repeatability, demonstrating 2.7 ± 1.7 µm for the test-retest variability, 6.78% for the coefficient of variation, and 0.997 for the intraclass correlation value. The mean measurements using USP and the IOL master 700 are 554.4 ± 37.4 µm and 551.1 ± 37.1 µm, respectively, showing that the IOL master 700 measured significantly smaller values than USP with a p-value < 0.001. The deviations between the two methods are scattered throughout the 95% confidence interval. According to the Pearson correlation test, the measured values of the two test devices were found to have a highly positive correlation (r = 0.977, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that the central corneal thickness (CCT) measured via the IOL master was significantly thinner than that of USP, and the two test devices had a high correlation and good agreement. The CCT value measured via the IOL master 700 also exhibited high reproducibility.
Cornea ; Glaucoma ; Humans ; Tomography, Optical Coherence* ; Ultrasonography*

Breastfeeding is an ideal approach for physical and emotional development of babies, as well as recovery of mothers. A breastfeeding education for female students seems to be an effective intervention to increase the Korean women breastfeeding rate. The purpose of this study was to evaluate their knowledge, attitudes, and other related breastfeeding variables for developing a design for a pre-parental breastfeeding educational information for Korean female students of childbearing age. The sample consisted of 205 Korean female college students, ranging in age from 20 to 25 years old. In this study, a self-administered questionnaire included 6 pages with close-ended multiple-choice questions, and included a cover page with 15 questions on demographic characteristics and personal experiences related to breastfeeding. Data analysis was done utilizing inferential statistics using SPSS 12.0 computer program. The findings indicated that breastfeeding education programs should focus on the practical aspect of attitudes toward breastfeeding, and that educational information design should focus on the practical aspects of breastfeeding for all levels of students' education by nurses. Therefore, education for female college students seems to be an effective intervention to increase breastfeeding rate. This study is useful for descriptions of educational activities to help female students develop positive attitudes to breastfeed, to help these students have confidence toward breast-feeding in future by providing correct information and practical techniques on breastfeeding.
Breast Feeding ; Female ; Humans ; Mothers ; Software ; Statistics as Topic ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND: Malpositioning of the endotracheal tube within airway after intubation may results in serious complications, such as accidental extubation and inadvertent endobronchial intubation. Therefore, early detection of malposioning of the endotracheal tube is very impotant for deciding patient's prognosis. METHODS: We assessed the distance from the tip of the endotracheal tube to the carina according to the patient's age, sex, and the time, the location, and the route of intubation. The chest x-ray was taken for 333 patients (men, 226: women, 107) who were admitted to the intensive care unit of Wonju Christian Hospital from march 1, 1995 to February 28, 1996. Chest x-ray was obtained after intubation to verify endotracheal tube position. Appropriate endotracheal tube position on chest x-ray was defined as between 2 and 6 cm above the carina. RESULTS: Of the 333 intubations, 106 (31.8%) endotracheal tubes were inappropriately placed according to the chest x-ray. The percentage of malpositioned endotracheal tubes (<2 cm) was higher in women than in men (11.2% vs. 5.3%, p<0.05), with higher in night (7 PM to 7 AM) than in day (7 AM to 7 PM) (42% vs. 24%, p<0.05). Distance from the carina to the tip of endotracheal tube is 4.34 +/- 1.77cm in women and 5.23 +/- 1.64cm in men. Thus, position of the endotracheal tube in women is deeper than men (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the chest x-ray for confirmation of endotracheal tube position after endotracheal intubation may remain the standard of practice. And endotracheal tube position should be carefully assessed immediately after tracheal intubation, particularly in women and at night.
Female ; Gangwon-do ; Humans ; Incidence* ; Intensive Care Units ; Intubation ; Intubation, Intratracheal* ; Male ; Prognosis ; Thorax*

BACKGROUND: The claudins are a family of transmembrane proteins associated with tight junctions and they are critical for maintaining cell-to-cell adhesion in sheets of epithelial cells. However, their role in the progression of cancer remains largely unexplored. The aims of this study were to evaluate the expression patterns of claudin-1 and -4 in benign lesions and invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC) of the breast, and relationships between the expression of these markers and the clinicopathological characteristics in IDC patients. METHODS: We examined the claudin-1 and -4 protein expressions by performing immunohistochemical stainings in 54 benign lesions and 120 IDCs via the tissue microarray method. We evaluated the correlation between the expression of these markers and the clinicopathological characteristics of IDC. RESULTS: The expressions of claudin-1 (p=0.099) and -4 (p=0.000) were up-regulated in IDCs as compared with benign lesions. The claudin-1 expression correlated with the loss of estrogen receptor (p=0.036) and progesterone receptor (p=0.011). The claudin-4 expression correlated with lymph node metastasis (p=0.043), the nuclear grade (p=0.030), the histologic grade (p=0.007), and the loss of estrogen receptor (p=0.001) and progesterone receptor (p= 0.029). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that claudin-1 and -4 may play a significant role in the carcinogenesis of IDC of the breast and these may represent novel markers for this disease.
Breast* ; Carcinogenesis ; Carcinoma, Ductal* ; Claudin-1* ; Claudin-4 ; Claudins ; Epithelial Cells ; Estrogens ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lymph Nodes ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Receptors, Progesterone ; Tight Junctions

OBJECTIVE: In a rabbit model using hysteroscopy-guided inoculation of E.coli with antibiotic administration, we determine the effects of persistent intrauterine infection on perinatal outcome including fetal death, congenital sepsis, and abnormal fetal-placental growth and amniotic fluid volume in live fetuses. METHODS: Rabbits with timed pregnancies underwent hysteroscopy at 20 to 21 days of gestation(70%). Animals were inoculated with E. coli (0.2 ml containing 10 cfu/ml) and administered ampicillin-sulbactam(100 mg/kg/day; Unasyn; Pfizer) every 8 hours beginning 30 minutes after microbial inoculation until they were killed 5 days after hysteroscopy. In the first study, the following outcome parameters were evaluated between fetuses with and without pe#rsistent intrauterine infection: fetal survival, congenital sepsis, maternal morbidity, and placental pathology. In second study was performed in 16 rabbits having only both live fetuses with and without persistent intrauterine infection in a rabbit simultaneously. We evaluate the effects of persistent intrauterine infection on fetal-placental weight and amniotic fluid volume in live fetuses. RESULTS: 1) Fetuses with persistent intrauterine infection had significantly fewer live fetuses, more positive cord blood cultures than those without (live fetuses: 44% vs 82%, p<0.000001; positive cord blood cultures: 44% vs 3%, p<0.000001, respectively; Fishers exact test). However the rates of maternal morbidity and placental inflammatory lesions were similar between the two groups. 2) The placental weight and amniotic fluid volume were significantly less in live fetuses with than in those without persistent intrauterine infection. Moreover the fetal weight was decreased in live fetuses with persistent intrauterine infection, but it was not statistically significant(placental weight: p<0.05; amniotic fluid volume: p<0.05; fetal weight: p 0.051, respectively; Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed ranks test). CONCLUSION: Fetal complications including fetal death, congenital sepsis, and decreased fetal-placental weight and amniotic fluid volume wae produced in utero when pasistent intrauterine infection was present with antibiotics administration after inoculstion of E. coli. Therefore, when treating with antibiotics in intrauterine infection, it is needed to observe and monitar the presence of persistent intrauterine infection, and if it is peristent, delivery may be considered for the improvement of pregnancy outcome.
Amniotic Fluid ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Female ; Fetal Blood ; Fetal Death ; Fetal Weight ; Fetus ; Hysteroscopy ; Obstetric Labor, Premature ; Pathology ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Rabbits ; Sepsis

No abstract available.
Eustachian Tube*

PURPOSE: Conventional radiation therapy portal images gives low contrast images. The purpose of this study was to enhance image contrast of a linacgram by developing a low-cost image processing method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chest linacgram was obtained by irradiating humanoid phantom and scanned using Diagnostic-Pro scanner for image processing. Several types of scan method were used in scanning. These include optical density scan, histogram equalized scan, linear histogram based scan, linear histogram independent scan, linear optical density scan, logarithmic scan, and power square root scan. The histogram distribution of the scanned images were plotted and the ranges of the gray scale were compared among various scan types. The scanned images were then transformed to the gray window by pallette fitting method and the contrast of the reprocessed portal images were evaluated for image improvement. Portal images of patients were also taken at various anatomic sites and the images were processed by Gray Scale Expansion (GSE) method. The patient images were analyzed to examine the feasibility of using the GSE technique in clinic. RESULTS: The histogram distribution showed that minimum and maximum gray scale ranges of 3192 and 21940 were obtained when the image was scanned using logarithmic method and square root method, respectively. Out of 256 gray scale, only 7 to 30% of the steps were used. After expanding the gray scale to full range, contrast of the portal images were improved. Experiment performed with patient image showed that improved identification of organs were achieved by GSE in portal images of knee joint, head and neck, lung, and pelvis. CONCLUSION: Phantom study demonstrated that the GSE technique improved image contrast of a linacgram. This indicates that the decrease in image quality resulting from the dual exposure, could be improved by expanding the gray scale. As a result, the improved technique will make it possible to compare the digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRR) and simulation image for evaluating the patient positioning error.
Head ; Humans ; Knee Joint ; Lung ; Neck ; Patient Positioning ; Pelvis ; Thorax