The effect of radiation therapy, either alone or combined with surgery or chemotherapy is accepted well in the treatment of metastatic carcinoma, multiple myeloma, reticulum cell sarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma. But its effect on osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma is less clear. The authors reviewed 90 patients treated with radiation therapy, 62 cases with primary bone tumor and 28 cases with multiple myeloma, from 1969 to 1988. There were 20 Ewing's sarcoma, 12 osteosarcoma, 12 chondrosarcoma, 9 Histiocytosis-X and 3 reticulum cell sarcoma among 62 primary bone tumors. And 40 patients with more than three months follow-up were analyzed for the primary response of tumor three months after radiation therapy and the long term effect of the radiation therapy. When the radiation therapy was done alone, the primary response was poor in osteogenic sarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma and reticulum cell sarcoma. But with the multimodal therapy, the primary response was rslatively good in reticulum cell sarcoma and chondrosarcoma. In 15 patients, more than one year follow-up was done. The status of these patients at the last follow-up was poor in all cases trearted with radiation therapy alone than the multimodal therapy except Histiocytosis-X. In multiple myeloma, the effect of radiation therapy for the relief of pain was analyzed. There were complete relief of pain in 14.3%, partial relief in 71.4% and no relief in 10.7%.
Chondrosarcoma ; Drug Therapy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell ; Humans ; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin ; Multiple Myeloma ; Osteosarcoma ; Sarcoma, Ewing

No abstract available.
Clinical Study* ; Female* ; Humans

Abnormalities of the short arm of chromosome 12 are relatively common in childhood ALL. Approximately 5~7% of children with ALL have cytogenetic evidence of a translocation involving 12p, whereas 3~5% have deletions which suggest the presence of a tumor suppressor gene at this location. Through the use of sensitive molecular techniques, 12p or 12p 12~13 loss of heterozygosity (LOH) has been demonstrated in approximately 25 oyo of childhood ALL cases. FISH mapping has detected a minimum region of overlap for the 12p deletions between the TEL(ETV6) and CDKN1B(KIP1) geness). Recently, chromosomal translocations involving the TEL gene at 12p13 have been cloned in several hematopoietic disorders. In ALL cells with thet(12;21)(p13;q22), the 5' part of TEL is fused with the AML1 gene. Abnormalities of 12p, especially the t(12 ; 21), are more reliably detected by FISH than by classical cytogenetics because the translocated portions 12p and 21q are virtually identical cytologically. When FISH was combined with Southern blotting and RT-PCR, the t(12;21) was identified as a recur-ring chromosomal abnormality in 16~25% of childhood B-lineage ALL. Despite the identification of the fusion partners in the t(12;21), the actual function of the TEL-AML1 and AML1-TEL fusion proteins in promoting malignant transformation is unclear. Whether the TEL-AML1 fusion alone is necessary and sufficient for malignant transformation in ALL and whether TEL inactivation has a role in leukemogenesis is currently unknown. Loss of the CDKN2(p16) gene at 9p21 is a common genetic abnormality in ALL and a variety of other malignancies. Homozygous CDKN2 deketions have been deteced in approximate 15% of B-lineage ALL and 75% of T-lineage ALL cases. The p16 protein functions as an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase 4, and normally acts to stop cell cycle progression. Whether loss of p16 alone is necessary and sufficient for malignant transformation in childhood ALL has not been determined.
Arm ; Blotting, Southern ; Cell Cycle ; Child ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12 ; Clone Cells ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 ; Cytogenetics ; Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Humans ; Loss of Heterozygosity ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; Translocation, Genetic

Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of 4,000 chemical compounds, including 43 known carcinogens. It is well known that smoke acts as the initiator and promoter in the process of carcinogenesis, and the risk of cancer is directly proportional to the amount and duration of smoking. Tobacco is the cause of 30% of all cancer deaths and one of the major risk factors for coronary heart disease, along with high blood pressure and hyperlipidemia. Cigarette smoking is estimated to be responsible for more than 20% of all coronary heart disease deaths in men over 86 years of age and for approximately 45% of such deaths in men aged less than 65 years. About 80% of mortality from chronic obstructive lung disease is attributable to cigarette smoking, and the age-adjusted death rate for COPD is 10-times higher in current smokers than in nonsmokers. Peptic ulcer disease, osteoporosis, skin wrinkling, and retarded fetal growth are all associated with cigarette smoking. Through passive smoking, 69% of individuals develop eye irritation, 29% have nasal symptoms, 32% have headaches, and 25% develop a cough. The infant admission rate increases with mother’s smoking amount, and the relative risk of lung cancer is 1.8 in smoker’s spouse. Tobacco is the single, chief, avoidable cause of death in our society, and the most important public issue of our time.
Carcinogenesis ; Carcinogens ; Cause of Death ; Coronary Disease ; Cough ; Fetal Development ; Headache ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; Hypertension ; Infant ; Lung Neoplasms ; Male ; Mortality ; Osteoporosis ; Peptic Ulcer ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; Risk Factors ; Skin Aging ; Smoke ; Smoking* ; Spouses ; Tobacco ; Tobacco Products* ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution

BACKGROUND: The cuff inflation of laryngeal mask airway (LMA) with excessive volume of air may injure soft tissue and nerves around hypopharynx because of high cuff pressure. But it is not well known about adequate cuff volume of LMA. The cuff inflation of LMA in hypopharynx accomodate pharynx, so various injection volume may differ in sealing effect. This may influence ventilation. This study was proposed to investigate the effect of cuff volume on cuff pressure and ventilation when LMA inserted. METHODS: Fifteen male patients were inserted with #4 LMA, fifteen female patients were inserted #3 LMA. For male patients, 10, 20, 30 and 40 ml of air were injected into cuff of LMA and 10, 15, 20 and 25 ml for female patients. Cuff pressure, minute ventilation and airway pressure were randomly measured. RESULTS: Volume of injected into cuff and cuff pressure of LMA were closly related. But minute ventilation and airway pressure were not related with injected air volume of LMA. CONCLUSION: Excessive volume of air injected to LMA cuff was not beneficial to ventilation. So minimal sealing cuff volume under maximal recommended volume of LMA may reduce the incidence of complications associated with high cuff pressure.
Female ; Humans ; Hypopharynx ; Incidence ; Inflation, Economic ; Laryngeal Masks* ; Male ; Pharynx ; Ventilation*

No abstract available.
Osteoarthritis*

Dementia as a public health problem looms as an epidemic of the 21st century. The aging population places an increasing number of individuals at risk for dementia. It is predicted that the proportion of the population over 65 years will exceed 14% by 2022 in Korea. This paper aims at summarizing epidemiologic characteristics of dementia in the general population in Korea, which are essential to develop a preventive strategy to this dreadful disease. The prevalence of dementia has been estimated in several studies in Korea and was found to be around 9.5 to 13.0% among individuals aged 65 years and over, which appears a little higher than those reported in other countries. According to the etiologic subtypes, more than half of the cases are reported to be Alzheimer's disease (AD) in most studies, especially in studies conducted in rural areas. These results are similar to those reported in the western countries, with AD being more common. In Asia, it was expected that vascular dementia would be much more common than AD due to the high prevalence of cerebrovascular accidents. Women have a much higher prevalence rate than men in all studies, presumably due to the higher prevalence of AD among the oldest aged 80 and over. These phenomena may be related with the high rate of illiteracy and low level of education among women in this country. Further epidemiologic studies on the subtype and risk factors of dementia are necessary to develop a comprehensive strategy for prevention of this disease in Korea.
Aging ; Alzheimer Disease ; Asia ; Dementia* ; Dementia, Vascular ; Education ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Epidemiology* ; Female ; Humans ; Korea* ; Literacy ; Male ; Prevalence ; Public Health ; Risk Factors ; Stroke

No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Esophageal and Gastric Varices*

No abstract available.
Maxillary Sinus* ; Wegener Granulomatosis*