The congenital tracheoesophageal fistula without atresia of the esophagus is considered a rare variant, and the literature concerned to the tracheoesophageal fistula fistula without atresia is little in adult especially. The 22-year-old male was admitted to Yeungnam University Hospital with his chief complaints of weight loss (6 kg/6 months), abdominal discomfort, and intermittent coughing. The diagnosis was made by the endoscopy and esophagography. The fistula was 1.5 cm in diameter, 0.5 cm in length. The level was around second thoracic vertebra. The operation was performed transpleurally through the right third intercostals space and the fistula was secured with interrupted silk suture after division. The fibrotic adhesion was seen around the tracheoesophageal fistula. The postoperative course was uneventful, and postoperative esophagogram revealed no extraluminal leakage. Herewith we report this unusual case of isolated tracheo-esophageal fistula with review of literatures.
Adult ; Cough ; Diagnosis ; Endoscopy ; Esophagus* ; Fistula ; Humans ; Male ; Silk ; Spine ; Sutures ; Tracheoesophageal Fistula* ; Weight Loss ; Young Adult

In this article neuroanatomical and verbal developmental process were introduced, followed that disorders and assessment of language function were reviewed. Finally, the causes and assessment of developmental dyslexia as a childhood disorder related to verbal function were reviewed.
Dyslexia ; Neuropsychology

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate breastfeeding effectiveness scale to measure effectiveness of breastfeeding for mothers in the early postpartum period. METHODS: A conceptual framework was constructed from properties of effective breastfeeding (Yang and Seo, 2011), and item construction was derived from literature review and analysis of the data along with interviews with breastfeeding mothers. Content validity was tested by experts. Each item was scored on a five-point Likert scale. The preliminary questionnaire was administered to 248 breastfeeding mothers. Data were analyzed using item analysis, factor analysis, Pearson correlation coefficients, and Cronbach's α. RESULTS: From the factor analysis, 20 items in seven factors were derived. The factors were identified as mother's satisfaction, suckling, assurance of milk quantity, infant's satisfaction, latching on, infant's feeding desire, and breastfeeding positioning. The seven factors explained 65.1% of total variance, Cronbach's α of the total items was .83 and the factors ranged from .44 to .75. CONCLUSION: Results of this study suggest that breastfeeding effectiveness scale is a reliable and valid instrument to measure breastfeeding effectiveness of mothers in the early postpartum period.
Breast Feeding* ; Humans ; Milk ; Mothers ; Postpartum Period ; Weights and Measures

Articular chondrocytes have been known to have heterogeneity in articular cartilage. Four layers are generally recognized from the articular surface to the subchondral bone. We have used Percoll density gradients to separate chondrocytes from articular cartilage into distinct subpopulations. Non-fibrillated articular cartilage was obtained from rabbit knee. The cells were carefully layered on the top of the preformed gradient and spun. After centrifugation, we obtained four fractions: Fraction A referred boundary between 0% and 10%, fraction B from between 10% and 20%, fraction C from between 20% and 30%, and fraction D from between 40% and 50%. In the A fraction, cells are relatively larger and round in shape, while their nuclei are relatively smaller. In the cytoplasm many lipid droplets were found and rough endoplasmic reticulum were disrupted. In the D fraction, chondrocyte is small, with large nucleus which surrounded by well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum. The type II collagen proteins were expressed strongly and more proteoglycans synthesized in fractions A and B. And chondrocytes from the fraction D divided more slowly than those from the fractions A, B, and C. We have succeeded in separating chondrocytes from articular cartilage into distinct subpopulations by Percoll density gradients, as well as characterized growth rate, histological appearances and phenotypic expression. This study is the first report about the Percoll density gradients to separate articular chondrocytes.
Cartilage, Articular ; Centrifugation ; Chondrocytes* ; Collagen Type II ; Cytoplasm ; Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough ; Knee ; Population Characteristics ; Proteoglycans

Epidermoid cysts occur rarely on the palms and soles, where hair is not present. These cysts have long been assumed to arise from traumatic implantation of epidermal fragment, but the pathogenesis is still controversial. Recently, with microscopic findings, immunohistochemical features, and molecular studies, the epidermoid cysts of the sole may be induced by the human papillomavirus. We report two cases of epidermoid cysts of the sole with the discussion of the pathogenesis.
Epidermal Cyst* ; Hair ; Humans*

No abstract available.
Humans ; Psoriasis* ; Siblings*

PURPOSE: The study was done to construct and test a structural model to explain primipara breastfeeding behavior. METHODS: The participants were 213 primiparas on postpartum wards. Data were analyzed using the PASW 18.0 and AMOS 19.0 programs. RESULTS: Fitness statistics for the hypothetical model were appropriate (chi2 =38.50, p=.070, GFI=.96, RMSEA=.05, AGFI=.93, NFI=.95, TLI=.97, CFI=.98, PNFI=.57, chi2/df=1.43). Breastfeeding behaviors were directly influenced by intention to breastfeed, perceived effectiveness of breastfeeding, and the amount of supplementary feeding. The amount of supplementary feeding had the largest direct impact on breastfeeding behavior. The largest total effect on breastfeeding behavior was intention to breastfeed. The environment of the maternity hospital indirectly influenced breastfeeding behavior. These factors explained 18.9% of variance in the primipara breastfeeding behavior. CONCLUSION: The results of the study indicate that in order to promote primipara breastfeeding the amount of supplementary feeding immediately after the birth should be limited and an environment that encourages exclusive breastfeeding in the hospital should be provided. The results also suggest it is necessary to provide nursing interventions that increase the intention to breastfeed and the perceived effectiveness of breastfeeding.
Adult ; Bottle Feeding ; Breast Feeding/*statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Intention ; *Models, Structural ; Mothers/psychology ; Questionnaires ; Young Adult

No abstract available.
Humans ; Infant* ; Rhabdomyoma* ; Tetralogy of Fallot*

To determine effects of the direction of the rotational work shifting on the circadian rhythm and adaptation of physiological and psychological components were investigated with nursing students. Two groups of seven volunteers participated as experimental subjects, and eight nursing students participated as a control group. The directions of rotation work shift were as follows : CW(clockwise)-shift system rotation in the direction of day shift(3 lays), evening shift(3days), off duty(1day) and night shift(5days). and CCW(counterclockwise)-shift system rotation in the reverse direction. Urinary free cortisol and 17-hydroxycorticoster oids in the urine were measured by the solid-phase radioimmunoassay and the colorimetry methods, re spectively. Plasma melatonin was measured by radioimmunoassay. The urinary free cotisol rhythm changed to ir-regular on the evening and night shift in the CCW shift system, whereas the rhythm seems to adapt on night shift in the CW shift system. The daily rhythms of urinary 17-OHCS indicate that they are well synchronized to shift work. These results show that the rotation of shift in the CW direction is more acceptable in terms of the adaptation of hormonal rhythms. These results indicate that the CCW rotation of shift work makes it more difficult for the workers to adapt on a physiological level, and has many more negative effects on nurses when compared with the CW rotation. Thus, a clockwise rotating shift systern seems to be more desirable for the optimal health and performance of nurses.
Circadian Rhythm* ; Colorimetry ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone* ; Melatonin ; Plasma ; Radioimmunoassay ; Students, Nursing ; Volunteers

An intraosseous epidermal cyst is a rare benign cystic lesion. It is thought to result from congenital factors or trauma and can lead to bone destruction because the cyst develops at the soft tissue around the bone. Radiological findings of intraosseous epidermal cysts are a well-defined radiolucent lesion, with cortical expansion. It is important to differentiate an intraosseous epidermal cyst with other disease developed at distal phalanx because its clinical and radiological findings are similar. We report two rare cases of intraosseous epidermal cysts that developed at the distal phalanx.
Epidermal Cyst*