In this article neuroanatomical and verbal developmental process were introduced, followed that disorders and assessment of language function were reviewed. Finally, the causes and assessment of developmental dyslexia as a childhood disorder related to verbal function were reviewed.
Dyslexia ; Neuropsychology

Leiomyosarcoma of the prostate is a rare malignant tumor. It originates from the smooth muscles of the prostatic gland and is usually found during old ages. Prognosis is usually poor especially in childhood. We report a case of leiomyosarcoma of the prostate measured 320gm in 64 years old man.
Humans ; Leiomyosarcoma* ; Middle Aged ; Muscle, Smooth ; Prognosis ; Prostate*

No abstract available.
Membranes* ; Pregnancy* ; Rupture*

Venous hemangioma is a vascular tumor that has been reported by such diverse names as; "cirsoid aneurysm", "arteriovenous hemangioma", "acral arteriovenous tumor" according to the author's opinions of its origin and histopathologic classification. It is benign and rarely biopsied, and it is also rarely reported in dermatology literature. We present two cases of venous hemangioma. The first case was a 64-year-old man who was presented with an elliptical dark-red plaque with overlying several grouped papules on the left periorbital area which had been present for 7 years. The second case was a 56-year-old man who was presented with a single red papule on the right postauricular area which had been present for 4 months. Histopathologically, there were a well-circumscribed proliferation of thick-walled muscle-containing blood vessels in the dermis. Intermingled with the thick-walled blood vessels, there were also thin-walled dilated blood vessels. In both cases, the thick-walled blood vessels resembled arteries, but they lacked elastic fibers on the Verhoeff van Gieson stain.
Arteries ; Blood Vessels ; Classification ; Dermatology ; Dermis ; Elastic Tissue ; Hemangioma* ; Humans ; Middle Aged

BACKGROUND: Despite progress in surgical techniques and adjuvant treatments, the prognosis for advanced gastric cancer has not improved. Knowledge of the kinds of tumor markers that might indicate the postoperative prognosis for gastric cancer is important in detecting microscopic residual cancers but still needs to be developed. METHODS: The serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (sCEA) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (sCA19-9), as well as the CEA, the CA19-9, and the tissue-type plasminogen activator levels in peritoneal washings (pCEA, pCA19-9, pTPA) were measured in 57 patients with gastric cancer who had undergone laparotomies from Oct. 1996 to Mar. 1997. The relationships between the positivity of tumor markers and several clinicopathological factors were evaluated by using a univariate analysis. Also, the significance of tumor markers in predicting the survival and the recurrence of disease was analyzed. RESULTS: The positivity of pCEA and pCA19-9 increased according to the stage (p<0.01) and the presence of serosal invasion (P<0.01). When pCEA or pCA19-9 is positive, the rate of curative surgery in those patients was lower than it was in the patients with negative tumor markers (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively). The positivities of pCEA, sCA19-9, pCA19-9 were higher in recurring cases than in nonrecurring cases after curative surgery (p<0.01, p<0.01, and p<0.05, respectively). The positivities of the tumor markers pCEA and pCA19-9 in the 4 cases with peritoneal seeding at the laparotomy were significantly different from those in the 53 cases with no peritoneal seeding (p<0.01) and (p<0.01), respectively pCEA. The risk of peritoneal recurrence after curative surgery was higher in pCEA positive cases than in negative cases (p=0.016) and in serosal positive and pCEA positive cases than in the other cases (p=0.016). CONCLUSION: pCEA and pCA19-9 are useful prognostic factors and an adjuvant treatment to prevent peritoneal recurrence should be considered, especially, in patients presenting positive pCEA with positive serosal invasion.
Biomarkers, Tumor* ; Carcinoembryonic Antigen ; Humans ; Laparotomy ; Neoplasm, Residual ; Prognosis ; Recurrence ; Stomach Neoplasms* ; Tissue Plasminogen Activator

Epidermoid cysts occur rarely on the palms and soles, where hair is not present. These cysts have long been assumed to arise from traumatic implantation of epidermal fragment, but the pathogenesis is still controversial. Recently, with microscopic findings, immunohistochemical features, and molecular studies, the epidermoid cysts of the sole may be induced by the human papillomavirus. We report two cases of epidermoid cysts of the sole with the discussion of the pathogenesis.
Epidermal Cyst* ; Hair ; Humans*

Fifteen stress urinary incontinence patients were treated using the modified endoscopic suspension of the bladder neck that eliminates all incisions during the period from January 1990 to December 1990. The average operation time was 26 minutes and the mean days of urethral Foley catheter removal were 3.9 days operation. Two point three days were required to restore the normal voiding pattern. Of 15 patients treated. 1 failure occurred, for an overall success rate of 93%. There had been no significant complications. Therefore, no-incision pubovaginal suspension was simple and effective means treating stress urinary incontinence.
Catheters ; Humans ; Neck ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Incontinence*

True hermaphroditism. in which both ovarian and testicular tissue are found in the same individual, is a rare disease. Recently the authors have seen a case of true hermaphroditism who had a testis on the right gonad and an ovotestis on the left gonad with a karyotype of 46 XX, and report this case here with a brief review of the literature.
Disorders of Sex Development ; Gonads ; Karyotype ; Ovotesticular Disorders of Sex Development* ; Rare Diseases ; Spermatic Cord Torsion* ; Testis

The androgen insensitivity syndrome is a heterogeneous disorder with a wide spectrum of phenotypic abnormalities, ranging from complete female to ambiguous forms that more closely resembles males. Mutations of the androgen receptor gene are responsible for a variable degree of impaired androgen action. The complete androgen insensitivity syndrome is characterized by normal female external appearance in spite of the normal male karyotype 46XY with testes and normal testosterone production and metabolism. This is transmitted by X-linked recessive manner. Wolffian duct does not develop. However, m llerian development does not occur in presence of antim llerian hormone activity. Recently we experienced a case of complete androgen insenditirity syndrome. We reported a case with concerned literatures.
Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome* ; Female ; Humans ; Karyotype ; Male ; Metabolism ; Receptors, Androgen ; Testis ; Testosterone ; Wolffian Ducts

OBJECTIVE: Symptomatic disc degeneration develops from inflammatory reactions in the annulus fibrosus (AF). Although inflammatory mediators during annular inflammation have been studied, the roles of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the production of MMPs and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs) during annular inflammation using an in vitro co-culture system. We also examined the effect of notochordal cells on annular inflammation. METHODS: Human AF (hAF) pellet was co-cultured for 48 hours with phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated macrophage-like THP-1 cells. hAF pellet and conditioned media (CM) from co-cultured cells were assayed for MMPs, TIMPs, and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 levels using real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and enzyem-linked immunosorbent assay. To evaluate whether notochordal cells affected MMPs or TIMPs production on annular inflammation, hAF co-cultured with notochordal cells from adult New Zealand White rabbits, were assayed. RESULTS: MMP-1, -3, -9; and TIMP-1 levels were significantly increased in CM of hAF co-cultured with macrophage-like cells compared with hAF alone, whereas TIMP-2 and IGF-1 levels were significantly decreased (p<0.05). After macrophage exposure, hAF produced significantly more MMP-1 and -3 and less TIMP-1 and -2. Interleukin-1beta stimulation enhanced MMP-1 and -3 levels, and significantly diminished TIMP-2 levels. Co-culturing with rabbit notochordal cells did not significantly influence MMPs and TIMPs production or COL1A2 gene expression. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that macrophage-like cells evoke annular degeneration through the regulation of major degradative enzymes and their inhibitors, produced by hAF, suggesting that the selective regulation of these enzymes provides future targets for symptomatic disc degeneration therapy.
Adult ; Coculture Techniques ; Culture Media, Conditioned ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Inflammation* ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I ; Interleukin-1beta ; Intervertebral Disc Degeneration* ; Macrophages ; Matrix Metalloproteinases ; Myristic Acid ; Notochord ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rabbits ; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 ; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2