In this study the authors observed the status of water contamination by crayfish, Cambaroides similis, either alive or dead infected with Paragonimus westermani. The crayfish used as materials were infected heavily with metacercariae of Paragonimus westermani. The live crayfish were kept in water for a long time, and then the sediments of the water were examined to find out whether or not the liberation of the metacercariae from the body of the crayfish had caused contamination of the water with metacercariae. Killed crayfish were also preserved in water for some time. Physical stimuli in terms of mederate degree of shaking were added to the preserved water once a day and half amount of the water was replaced with tapped water of same temperature everyday. Status of the decay of the crayfish, liberation of the metacercariae from the body of the crayfish or contamination of the preserved water by the metacercariae, and numbers of metacercariae harboured in the body of the crayfish were examined everyday. The fate of the metacercariae liberated from the crayfish into water was also observed. Status of the decay of the crayfish, liberation of the metacercariae from the body of the crayfish or contamination of the preserved water by the metacercariae, and numbers of metacercariae harboured in the body of the crayfish were examined everyday. The fate of the metacercariae liberated from the crayfish into water was also observed. The results of this study can be outlined as follows: No metacercaria was detected in the water which contained live crayfish infected with Paragonimus westermani. The preserved water with dead or killed crayfish was found to be contaminated by the metacercariae of Paragonimus westemani, which had been caused by the decay and dispersion of the flesh of the crayfish The liberated metacercariae survived for 10 days in the water at 21-27 C. The liberated metacercariae were found to be sinking into water of s.g. 1.000 with average velocity of 35.8 cm per minute.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Paragonimus westermani ; epidemiology ; crayfish ; Cambaroides similis

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to compare recipients' health behavior, attitude to using medicaid, medication compliance, and the changes in hospital cost and visit-day of in-patient and out-patient care between tele-care regions (TCR) and general care regions (GCR) in Korean medicaid. METHOD: The design of the study was ex-post facto comparing recipients in TCR and GCR. The sample included 625 persons in TCR and 410 persons in GCR. To collect materials, the case manager interviewed recipients of medicaid and filled out questionnaires which were analyzed through SAS/PC 9.1. RESULTS: In studying health behavior and medication, compliance was not significant. However, the attitude to using medicaid was significantly more positive in TCR than in GCR. In out-patients, the change of hospital visit-day was not significant between TCR and GCR, but TCR showed a reduction in hospital cost compared to GCR. For in-patient recipients, GCR showed a greater reduction in changes in hospital cost and visit-day compared to TCR. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study show that attitudes to using medicaid via telephone are positive and results are more effective than hospital visit consultation, and the cost of out-patient care could be reduced.
Case Management ; Compliance ; Delivery of Health Care ; Health Behavior ; Hospital Costs ; Humans ; Medicaid ; Medication Adherence ; Outpatients ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Telephone

PURPOSE: This study was to ascertain whether there are differences in health care utilization and expenditure for Type I Medical Aid Beneficiaries before and after applying Copayment. METHODS: This study was one-group pretest posttest design study using secondary data analysis. Data for pretest group were collected from claims data of the Korea National Health Insurance Corporation and data for posttest group were collected through door to-door interviews using a structured questionnaire. A total of 1,364 subjects were sampled systematically from medical aid beneficiaries who had applied for copayment during the period from December 12, 2007 to September 25, 2008. RESULTS: There was no negative effect of copayment on accessibility to medical services, medication adherence (p=.94), and quality of life (p=.25). Some of the subjects' health behaviors even increased preferably after applying for copayment including flu prevention (p<.001), health care examination (p=.035), and cancer screening (p=.002). However, significant suppressive effects of copayment were found on outpatient hospital visiting days (p<.001) and outpatient medical expenditure (p<.001). CONCLUSION: Copayment does not seem to be a great influencing factor on beneficiaries'accessibility to medical services and their health behavior even though it has suppressive effects on outpatients' use of health care.
Cost Sharing ; Delivery of Health Care ; Early Detection of Cancer ; Health Behavior ; Health Care Costs ; Health Expenditures ; Humans ; Korea ; Medicaid ; Medication Adherence ; National Health Programs ; Outpatients ; Quality of Life ; Statistics as Topic ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Epidermoid cysts occur rarely on the palms and soles, where hair is not present. These cysts have long been assumed to arise from traumatic implantation of epidermal fragment, but the pathogenesis is still controversial. Recently, with microscopic findings, immunohistochemical features, and molecular studies, the epidermoid cysts of the sole may be induced by the human papillomavirus. We report two cases of epidermoid cysts of the sole with the discussion of the pathogenesis.
Epidermal Cyst* ; Hair ; Humans*

No abstract available.
Drug Hypersensitivity ; Isoxazoles

No abstract available.
Blister ; Humans ; Necrosis ; Rhabdomyolysis

No abstract available.
Esophageal Neoplasms*

PURPOSE: This study was done to develop and evaluate the Integrated Stress Management Program (ISMP) for elders in rural communities. METHOD: ISMP consists of 6 educational programs to improve self-management behavior and therapeutic recreational activities and was developed by analyzing the published reports and through multidisciplinary cooperation.Effectiveness of the ISMP was evaluated by implementing the program with 53 rural elders living at home, one session a week of, 2 hours per session over, 6 weeks from March 14 to April. 22, 2005. RESULTS: After participating in the program, participants' perceived levels of stress decreased(t=2.940, p<.05), and mood state (t=4.229, p<.001), life satisfaction(t=-4.911, p<.001), and perceived social support (t=-2.891, p<.05) increased significantly. CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrated that the ISMP is an effective program for relieving stress level, and increasing positive mood, life satisfaction, and social support for elders in a rural community.
Rural Population* ; Self Care

PURPOSE: This cross-sectional study was designed to identify anger-expression typesof adolescent women and investigate the relation between the identified anger-expression types and their problem behaviors and health status. METHOD: One hundred ninety nine high school freshmen were recruited from September to November, 2003. Data wasanalyzed using descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, chi-square-test, ANOVA, and Duncan's multiple comparison test. RESULT: Three anger-expression types in adolescent women were found; Anger-out/in, Anger-control/in, and Anger- control type. Adolescent women with frequently using the anger-out/in type and with higher state anger reported more delinquent behaviors, more health risk behaviors, and higher psychosomatic symptoms. However, adolescent women with lower state anger and frequently using the anger-control type reported more depression scores. CONCLUSION: There is a need to further clarify the relationship between anger-expression typesand depression in adolescent women. The findings suggest the necessity of a development of the program for lowering the anger level and controlling the unfavorable anger expression types such as the anger-out in.
Adolescent ; *Adolescent Behavior ; *Anger ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; *Expressed Emotion ; Female ; *Health Status ; Humans ; Male ; Risk-Taking

No abstract available.
Mass Screening* ; Prospective Studies*