Location of the modiolous and morphological variations of the risorius and zygomaticus major muscles are related to the facial expression. The zygomaticus major, levator labii superioris, depressor labii inferioris, depressor anguli oris, risorius, orbicularis oris, buccinator and levator anguli oris muscles insert on the lateral border of the lip, forming the modiolus and mutually associating each other for functioning. The knowledge of the location of the modiolus and surrounding structures are essential to anatomy, prosthodontics, linguistic, physiology and computer simulation based on facial expressions. The authors examined the location of the modiolus, the morphological variations and anatomical relationship of risorius and zygomaticus major muscle to understand the features of the smile of Korean by dissecting 39 cadavers. The location of the modiolus can be showed as three types, according to their height related to the intercheilion horizontal line. Type A that modiolus locate at the intercheilion line was shown in 20 sides (26.0%), type B that modiolus locate above the intercheilion line was shown in 12 sides (15.6%), then type C that modiolus locate under the intercheilion line was shown in 45 sides (58.4%). Most modioli located at 10 ~20 mm lateral to the mouth corner and 0 ~10 mm below the intercheilion line. The risorius muscle was classified into five types by directions of muscle fibers. The depressor anguli oris -risorius type (type I) was observed in 31 sides (40.2%), the platisma -risorius type (type II) was observed in 30 sides (39.0%). Previously, it has been known that zygomaticus major muscle attaches to the modiolus mainly as one bundle. However, the results were clearly shown that two bundles of the zygomaticus major muscle attaches to the modiolus and the position of the mouth edge in 18 sides (23.4%). To sum it up, facial expression is of fundamental importance concerning the morphological variations and these results also can be considered for the facial reconstruction surgery and computer animation department.
Cadaver ; Computer Simulation ; Facial Expression* ; Linguistics ; Lip ; Mouth ; Muscles ; Physiology ; Prosthodontics

A nine-year old boy was found unconscious by his father in his apartment house. He was transferred to the emergency unit immediately but resuscitation was failed. Drain cleansing was performed just before the deceased came home. The father stated that there was foul odor in the house when he opened the door. The autopsy finding showed only nonspecific findings including severe pulmonary edema. Significant amount of sulfide ion was detected from blood and brain tissue. The cause of death was concluded as hydrogen sulfide poisoning.
Autopsy ; Brain ; Cause of Death ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Fathers ; Humans ; Hydrogen Sulfide* ; Hydrogen* ; Male ; Odors ; Poisoning* ; Pulmonary Edema ; Resuscitation

Polypeptide growth factors belong to a class of potent biologic mediators which regulate cell differentiation, proliferation, migration and metabolism. IGF-I is polypeptides secreted by skeletal cells and is considered as regulators of bone formation. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of IGF-I on bone nodule formation and alkaline phosphatase activity of MC3T3-E1 cells. MC3T3-E1 cells were seeded at 1x10(4) cells/well, 1x10(5) cells/well in alpha-modified Eagle medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 10 mM beta-glycerophosphate and 50microgram/ml of ascorbic acid. Before 48 hours of indicated time, medium were changed with serum free medium. After 24 hours, 0.1, 1, 10 ng/ml IGF-I were added to the cells and cultured for 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 days. And histochemical analysis was done and ALP activity was measured and was expressed as nmol/min/mg of protein. The bone nodule formation in MC3T3-E1 cells of IGF-I was seen at 21, 28 days, but there were no difference between control group and experimental groups. The ALP activity decreased when it is compare to control 2 group except for 1 ng/ml, 10 ng/ml IGF-I of 21-day-groups and 1 ng/ml IGF-I of 28-day-groups. Dose response effects of IGF-I of ALP activity in MC3T3-E1 cells were seen the highest ALP activity at 1ng/ml until 21days and the highest ALP activity at 10 ng/ml of 28 daygroups. The peak times were seen at 7-day group, 14-day group on control group and experimental group respectively, and 1 ng/ml group was the highest ALP activity. From the above results, IGF-I was not seen notable effect on bone nodule formation and decreased ALP activity of MC3T3-E1 cells but the use of IGF-I to mediate biological stimulation of MC3T3-E1 cells shows promise for future therapeutic application.
Alkaline Phosphatase ; Ascorbic Acid ; Cell Differentiation ; Eagles ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I* ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Metabolism ; Osteogenesis ; Peptides

One hundred sixty three patients were hysteroscoped for various reasons at our department over 10 year period. Ninety eight patients out of 163 who were diagnosed and treated for their intrauterine adhesions(IUAs) by hysteroscopy were analysed retrospectively. Patients were classified as having mild, moderate or severe stage of IUAs according to American Fertility Society classification. Twenty nine patients(29.6%) had mild IUAs, 43 patients (43.9%) had moderate IUAs, and 26 patients(26.5%) were classified as having severe stage IUAs. The predisposing causal factors of IUAs were abortion, full-term delivery, H. mole, pelvic tuberculosis and myomectomy in order of frequency but in eight cases no cause was identified. After hysteroscopic surgery, although high rate(83.9%) of restoration of normal menstruation was attained but term pregnancy rate was only 53.3% and rather high rate (32%) of preterm or abortion were identified and those pregnancy outcomes were correlated with the stage of IUAs. Complications of surgery consisted of uterine or bladder perforation, pulmonary edema and hemorrhage.
Classification ; Female ; Fertility ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Hysteroscopy ; Menstruation ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Pregnancy Rate ; Pulmonary Edema ; Retrospective Studies ; Tuberculosis ; Urinary Bladder

The purpose of this paper is to provide reference data related to the body weight, food & water consumptions, urinalysis, hematology and serum biochemistry parameters and absolute & relative organ weights obtained from control Sprague-Dawley rats, used in the 4-week and 13-week repeated-dose toxicity studies conducted in our laboratory between 2005 and 2008. The mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum range values for hematology and serum biochemistry parameters, data of absolute & relative organ weights, and the difference between sexes and study duration of week 4 versus 13 week are presented. The studies were conducted according to "the standards of Toxicity Study for Medicinal Products" (2005) and The KFDA Notification No. 2000-63 'Good Laboratory Practice (GLP)' (2000) issued by KFDA. These data could be used as reference material of Sprague-Dawley rats by conducting the studies to evaluate the toxicological profile of pre-clinical toxicity studies.
Biochemistry ; Body Weight ; Hematology ; Organ Size ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Urinalysis ; Water

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is an unusual multifocal neoplasm of vascular endothelial cell origin. The trunk, arms, head, and neck are the most common sites. It is common in men and has four distinct variants: classic, Africa-endemic, immunosuppressive drug-associated, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated KS. KS appears to develop immunosuppressed patients, but is uncommon in patients on dialysis. A 79-year-old man on hemodialysis for 2 months presented with pruritus over the entire body and multiple, discrete, variable-sized, dark blue papulonodules (papuloplaques, maculopapules) on the left arm and shoulder. A biopsy specimen form the left arm showed spindle cells with slit-like spaces and extravasated red blood cells. The specimen was positive for CD 34 antigen, and human herpesvirus 8 was detected. We report a case of KS that occurred in a 79-year-old patient on hemodialysis.
Aged ; Arm ; Biopsy ; Dialysis ; Endothelial Cells ; Erythrocytes ; Head ; Herpesvirus 8, Human ; Humans ; Male ; Neck ; Pruritus ; Renal Dialysis ; Sarcoma, Kaposi ; Shoulder

Antemortem diagnosis of inferior vena cava (IVC) and cardiac metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is difficult but important to decide on treatment strategy. There are only a few cases of cardiac metastasis of HCC which have been diagnosed antemortem by echocardiography. We experienced 3 cases of IVC and Right atrial metastasis and 1 case of Left atrial metastasis of HCC. The tumor was discovered during computed tomography scanning. The patients had exhibited no signs of cardiac involvement. In this case, transesophageal echocardiography was valuable in providing information regarding the exact location of the tumor and its relation to surrounding anatomical structures. Left atrial metastasis of HCC is unusual patterns and probably related to tumor growth from the pulmonary veins following massive metastasis to the lung.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular* ; Diagnosis ; Echocardiography ; Echocardiography, Transesophageal ; Humans ; Lung ; Neoplasm Metastasis* ; Pulmonary Veins ; Vena Cava, Inferior

Together with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), copy number variations (CNV) are recognized to be the major component of human genetic diversity and used as a genetic marker in many disease association studies. Affymetrix Genome-wide SNP 5.0 is one of the commonly used SNP array platforms for SNP-GWAS as well as CNV analysis. However, there has been no report that validated the accuracy and reproducibility of CNVs identified by Affymetrix SNP array 5.0. In this study, we compared the characteristics of CNVs from the same set of genomic DNAs detected by three different array platforms; Affymetrix SNP array 5.0, Agilent 2X244K CNV array and NimbleGen 2.1M CNV array. In our analysis, Affymetrix SNP array 5.0 seems to detect CNVs in a reliable manner, which can be applied for association studies. However, for the purpose of defining CNVs in detail, Affymetrix Genome-wide SNP 5.0 might be relatively less ideal than NimbleGen 2.1M CNV array and Agilent 2X244K CNV array, which outperform Affymetrix array for defining the small-sized single copy variants. This result will help researchers to select a suitable array platform for CNV analysis.
Coat Protein Complex I ; DNA ; Genetic Markers ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide

To discover genetic markers for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), we previously applied genome-wide BAC array comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) to 28 autistic patients and 62 normal controls in Korean population, and identified that chromosomal losses on 8p23.1 and on 17p11.2 are significantly associated with autism. In this study, we developed an 8.5K ASD-specific BAC array covering 27 previously reported ASD-associated CNV loci including ours and examined whether the associations would be replicated in 8 ASD patient cell lines of four different ethnic groups and 10 Korean normal controls. As a result, a CNV-loss on 8p23.1 was found to be significantly more frequent in patients regardless of ethnicity (p<0.0001). This CNV region contains two coding genes, DEFA1 and DEFA3, which are members of DEFENSIN gene family. Two other CNVs on 17p11.2 and Xp22.31 were also distributed differently between ASDs and controls, but not significant (p=0.069 and 0.092, respectively). All the other loci did not show significant association. When these evidences are considered, the association between ASD and CNV of DEFENSIN gene seems worthy of further exploration to elucidate the pathogenesis of ASD. Validation studies with a larger sample size will be required to verify its biological implication.
Autistic Disorder ; Cell Line ; Child ; Clinical Coding ; Coat Protein Complex I ; Comparative Genomic Hybridization ; Ethnic Groups ; Genetic Markers ; Humans ; Sample Size ; Autism Spectrum Disorder

OBJECTIVE: The authors investigated the clinical and radiographic characteristics of patients who exhibited contrast extravasation on initial computed tomographic angiography (CTA) and assessed the its association with hematoma expansion. METHODS: Ninety six patients who were diagnosed with intracerebral hemorrhage and who received CTA within 12 hours from initial onset of symptoms and who received a follow up brain CT within 48 hours from the initial CTA between April 2004 and March 2007 were retrospectively assessed. Contrast extravasation was defined as the presence of high-density material within the hematoma. Patients were classified into the extravasation and no extravasation groups. Clinical and radiographic variables were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Fifteen patients (19%) demonstrated presence of extravasation on initial CTA. A significantly higher rate of hematoma expansion was seen in the extravasation group compared to the non extravasation group (47% vs 17%, p=0.027). Mean time from onset of symptoms to initial CTA was significantly shorter in the extravasation group (3.5+/-1.3 hours vs 7.6+/-2.5 hours, p<0.001). Also, detection of extravasation on CTA significantly correlated with time from symptom onset to intial CTA, especially when it was less than 4 hours (p>0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Earlier detection of extravasation using CTA may help in identifying possibly life threatening complications caused by hematoma expansion. However, a larger prospective cohort is warranted to validate this result.
Angiography* ; Brain ; Cerebral Hemorrhage* ; Cohort Studies ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hematoma ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies