A study of the volume and linear measurements of the breast to determine new nipple positions for 142 subjects was undertaken. Volume determination was done by using the Grossman-Roudner device. The size and shape of the female breast may differ significantly, and such size and linear measurements have to be measured accurately prior to breast aesthetic surgery. Statistical analysis of these results are closely related to physical constitution(height, weight, chest circumference). There have been increasing changes in linear measurement and decreasing changes in breast volume during the last 10 years, The results were as follows: 1) the mean distance from the midclavicular point to the nipple was 19.5cm, the distance from the sternal notch to the nipple was 19.4cm, the distance between nipples was 18.6cm, and the areolar diameter was 3.3cm, 2) the regression equation for the midclavicular point to the nipple was 7.236+ 0.00077x height(cm)+ 0.233 x weight(kg), for the sternal notch to the nipple was 8.845-0.0039 x height(cm)+ 0.214x weight(kg), for the distance between nipples was 11.192 - 0.0033xheight(cm)+ 0.151x weight(kg), and for the areolar diameter was 4.031+0.02xheight(cm)-0.048 x weight(kg),3) the mean value of breast volume of the left side was 209.6cc, and that of the right side was 211.8cc, 4) the regression equation for the mean breast volume was -137.673 + 6.668 x weight(kg), which was equal to -528.414 + 9.115x chest circumference under the axilla(cm) and -468.420 + 8.298 x chest circumference across the nipple (cm). In conclusion, these data could be useful for numerous aspects of breast surgery, including augmentation mammoplasty, mastopexy, reduction mammoplasty, and correction of asymmetrical breasts as the standard for Korean females, if we know the body constituents (weight, chest circumference) before surgery.
Breast* ; Female* ; Humans ; Mammaplasty ; Nipples ; Thorax

No abstract available.
Blepharoplasty*

By the human is getting older, the factors which can the reason of the aging process in the frontal region are divided, static factor and dynamic factor. the static factor is gravity, and the dynamic factor is repeatitive competition of depressosr muscles and elevator muscles. the depressor muscles are corrugator muscle, procerus muscle and orbicularis oculi muscle and the elevator muscle is frontalis muscle. Correction methods of this aging process are divided to non-surgical and surgical method. Non-surgical method are Atecoll and fat injection, and using botulinum toxin. But the effect of these method is temporary and limited, and if the skin laxity is great, this method cannot be used. Surgical methods are laser, chemical peeling, dermabrasion, classical forehead lift which is dissected superficial to galea aponeurosis or subperiosteal plane through coronal or hairline incision, and endoscopy method that the corrugator muscle and procerus muscle are transected by using endoscope, and then the posterior elevation of forehead flap is induced. the endoscopy method is the most popular method in recent years, which has the many advantages of minimal incision, less amount of bleeding and lower complication, but expensive equipment, adaptation and training period are needed. We present the result of 10 patients from May. 1996 to Jan. 1997. After the superior orbital rim exposed through upper eyelid incision, the corrugator muscle was resected while careful attention to the supraorbital n. which was located behind the orbicularis oculi muscle. A communication was made through both sided of medial canthal area, and after the procerus muscle was resected, the fat graft was inserted between them. Finally, we made periosteal incision superiorly, and subperiosteal forehead lift was done without using endoscope.
Aging ; Botulinum Toxins ; Dermabrasion ; Elevators and Escalators ; Endoscopes ; Endoscopy ; Eyelids ; Fibrinogen ; Forehead* ; Gravitation ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Muscles ; Orbit ; Skin ; Transplants

The safety and efficacy of the CO2laser as a replacement for the steel scalpel is well documented in plastic surgery, but the use of the laser blepharoplasty has been controversy. This study compares and contrasts the use of the CO2 laser with conventional method in cosmetic upper eyelid blepharoplasty. Thirteen Patients underwent blepharoplasty in a paired comparison study. Four patients(Group A) underwent blepharoplasty by laser, another four patients (Group B) underwent blepharoplasty by conventional method, and the other five patients(Group C) underwent upper eyelid blepharoplasty using the laser on one eye and a conventional method on the other side. Preoperative factor(set up time, equipment), intraoperative factor(actual operation time, bleeding, visibility), postoperative factor(swelling, ecchymosis, immediate & short term result) were evaluated. The advantage of using the CO2 laser rather than the steel scalpel in blepharoplasty are less bleeding and superior intraoperative visibility. The disadvantage of using the laser compared with steel scalpel include the cost of purchasing and maintaining the laser equipment, the need for additional and extensive laser training for surgeons and assistants, and the need for two assistants rather than the one needed for scalpel surgery There were no complications with either the scalpel or the laser.
Bleeding Time ; Blepharoplasty* ; Carbon Dioxide* ; Carbon* ; Ecchymosis ; Eyelids* ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Lasers, Gas* ; Matched-Pair Analysis ; Steel ; Surgery, Plastic

For many years the standard surgical treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome has been division of the transverse carpal ligament under direct vision through a palm incision. Although the effectiveness and Patient acceptability of the conventional open carpal tunnel release are good, disability from a painful palm cutaneous neuroma, and prolonged swelling are reported Endoscopic carpal tunnel release seems to result in less postoperative morbidity, and minimal serious complications. Because endoscopic carpal tunnel release leaves the overlying skin, the subcutaneous fat and the palmer fascia and its attachments to the thenar and hypothenar musculature intact its proponents maintain that their patient have less scar tenderness, quicker recovery of grip strength, and earlier to return activities of daily living and work The endoscopic approach(Agee single portal technique), which includes specific localization of the hook of hamate, flexor retinaculum and the superficial palmar arch utilizing topographical landmarks, avoids entry into Guyon's canal and common digital nerves. We experienced four cases of carpal tunnel syndrome. In four cases, patients with carpal tunnel syndrome have been performed endoscopic carpal tunnel release with minor complication.
Activities of Daily Living ; Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ; Cicatrix ; Fascia ; Hand Strength ; Humans ; Ligaments ; Neuroma ; Skin ; Subcutaneous Fat

Left ventricular hypertrophy is a compensatory response to hemodynamic overload secondary to an increased systemic resistance. This increase, however, is not the only cause of hypertrophy, and there are other factors which can have a significant effect on its incidence. To determine whether chronic antihypertensive therapy by enalapril modifies the cellular and subcellular changes of left ventricular hypertrophy observed in spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHR), 20-weeks-old SHR were treated for 22 weeks with enalapril(2mg/kg) and compared with normotensive Wister-Kyoto rats and not-treated SHR. Systolic blood pressure in enalapril-treated SHR was significantly lowered after 22 weeks compared with that of untreated control SHR group. Myocytes were reduced in size and fibrination seen in cardiac muscle fibers of control SHR was decreased in treated SHR group. Myofibrils appeared to be irregular in shape and myofilaments are decreased in control SHR but in enalapril-treated SHR the diameter and length of the myofilament became turned to regular forms. These results suggest that, enalapril, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, may regress hypertrophy and some subcellular changes may be modified by enalapril.
Animals ; Blood Pressure ; Enalapril* ; Fibrin ; Hemodynamics ; Hypertrophy ; Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular* ; Incidence ; Muscle Cells ; Myocardium ; Myofibrils ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred SHR*

Craniofacial clefts are rare among facial anomalies with an incidence of 1.5 to 5 per 100,000 births, and 1 per 100 cases of cleft lip and palate. The Tessier No. 7 clefts are unusual lesions that result from failure of the embryonic mandibular and maxillary processes to properly fuse and form the corners of the mouth. We experienced a case of Tessier No. 7 craniofacial cleft in a 1 day-old female patient who presented with a macrostomia and auricular malformation. The diagnosis was established by clinical and radiographic findings. A brief review of literature was made.
Cleft Lip ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Macrostomia ; Mouth ; Palate ; Parturition

BACKGROUND: Quinidine appeared to increase serum digoxin levels when given with quinidine. Therefore elevated serum digoxin concentrations and clinical toxicity have been reported in patient receiving quinidine. Currently, Bayesian method which estimates the most probable parameters of the drug for each patient from population parameters data is useful approach for adjusting digoxin dosage. To increase the accuracy of Bayesian method, it is desirable to use population parameters of Korean. Therefore we evaluated the effect of quinidine on digoxin clearance in Korea. METHOD: Patient's records from 19 adult cardiac disease without CHF having normal renal and liver function from Seoul National University of Hospital respectively wre evaluated. Digoxin pharmacokinetic parameters, CL and Vd, were obtained from serum concentration of digoxin of single and combined therapy at each steady-state by using bayesian method. RESULTS: This study show that quinidine reduced the total body clearance of digoxin from 2.39+/-0.17 to 1.51+/-0.08ml/min/kg(p<0.05) and reduced the digoxin volume of distribution from 8.57+/-0.29 to 4.98+/-0.19L/kg(p<0.05). This results show that digoxin dosage reduced to 40-50% in Korean, if quinidine therapy is initiated.
Adult ; Bayes Theorem ; Digoxin* ; Drug Interactions ; Heart Diseases ; Humans ; Korea ; Liver ; Pharmacokinetics ; Quinidine* ; Seoul

Recently, new epicanthoplasty methods with reduced scarring have been developed, such as skin redraping method, periciliary epicanthoplasty, etc. Although these methods increase the length of horizontal palpebral fissure, the remnant skin and orbicularis oculi muscle portion that covers one third of medial canthus reduce satisfaction of aesthetic outcome. In order to overcome this limitation, the authors performed redraping after direct excision of medial orbicularis oculi muscle and excess skin to correct epicanthal fold. From April of 2006 to March of 2009, the authors performed medial epicanthoplasty using direct excision and redraping method to correct epicanthal folds in the eyelids of 72 Asian patients. The epicanthoplasty was performed combining with incisional or non-incisional double eyelid operation, ptosis correction, augmentation rhinoplasty and lateral canthal lengthening. Mean follow up was 11 months(6 months to 2 years). Most of the patients were satisfied with the results. Our technique has delivered esthetically superior results with minimal postoperative scar and no major complication. The advantages of our direct excision and redraping technique are as follows: 1) simple in design, 2) versatile in its application, 3) double fold looks clear especially in the medial 1/3 by eliminating the redundant skin and orbicularis muscle.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Blepharoplasty ; Cicatrix ; Eyelids ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Muscles ; Rhinoplasty ; Skin

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the patterns of activities of daily living (ADL) functional status and to examine the relationships between sense of coherence (SOC), depression, and uncertainty in gynecologic cancer patients who were receiving chemotherapy. METHOD: A prospective, longitudinal design with repeated measures was utilized. Women reported depression, SOC, and uncertainty at the beginning of the first cycle of chemotherapy, and they recorded ADL functional status everyday for two consecutive treatment cycles. the The instruments used were the Karnofsky Performance Status Index, Orientation to Life Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, and Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Scale-Adult Form. RESULT: Data from 42 women showed that the ADL functional status during the second cycle was better than that of the first cycle with significant improvement each week. However, it did not completely recover to the baseline level even three weeks after the treatment ended in both cycles. SOC was correlated with depression (r=-.64, p< .001) and uncertainty (r=-.62, p< .001). Uncertainty was related to depression (r=.66, p< .001) and to functional status during the second cycle (r=-.45, p< .05), while the scores of the functional status during the two cycles were not related. CONCLUSION: Changing patterns and level of functional status during the treatment phase would be useful information for cancer patients to prepare coping strategies for positive health outcomes.
Activities of Daily Living ; Depression ; Drug Therapy* ; Female ; Humans ; Karnofsky Performance Status ; Prospective Studies ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Sense of Coherence ; Uncertainty