Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common condition leading to renal dysfunction and is closely related to increased cardiovascular and mortality risk. CKD is an important public health issue, and recent genetic studies have verified common CKD susceptibility variants. This research examines the interrelationship between candidate genes polymorphisms of interferon lambda (IFNL) induction, its signaling pathway, and CKD. Methods: Seventy-five patients with advanced CKD and 312 healthy subjects (as controls) participated in this research. A replication set composed of 172 patients with advanced CKD and 365 controls was used for additional analysis. The genotype of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was determined by the Axiom Genome-Wide Human Assay and SNaPshot assay. Results: The SNP of IFNL3 was significantly associated with CKD in the codominant (p = 0.02) and dominant models (p = 0.02). In addition, the SNPs of IFNL2 were significantly associated with CKD in the dominant model (p = 0.03), and the SNP of interferon alpha receptor 2 (IFNAR2) was significantly associated with CKD in the log-additive model (p = 0.03). Concerning rs148543092, in the IFNL3 gene, a significant association was observed after pooling the original and replication sets. Conclusion: These results indicate that SNPs in the IFNL induction and signal pathway may be associated with CKD risk in the Korean population. Finally, our results also show that the IFNL3 gene variant may be associated with CKD risk.

No abstract available.
Infarction*

PURPOSE: Inguino-femoral hernias in women are less common than that in a man, and we have had limited experience for hernia repair in women. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of inguino-femoral hernias in females and to establish the choice of specific treatment for inguino-femoral hernia in females. METHODS: This retrospective study was based on the medical records of 566 patients who underwent 657 cases of herniorrhaphies for treating inguino-femoral hernia in adult females from January 1998 to June 2006. We evaluated the incidence of hernia, the operative technique and the length of the operation, the complications and the postoperative recurrence rate. The operative findings and median time to reoperation for a recurrent hernia were also evaluated. RESULTS: During the 8.5-year period, we performed 2,931 herniorrhaphies in 2,274 patients. Of these, 657 herniorrhaphies were done in females (22.4%). The types of hernia in females were indirect inguinal hernia (67.3%), direct inguinal hernia (10.2%), the pantaloon type (10%) and femoral hernia (14.9%). Femoral hernia was more frequent in females (14.9%) compared to males (3.5%) (P<0.001). The overall rate of reoperation due to incarceration in the females was higher (2.5%) than that in the men (1.1%)(P<0.001). Femoral hernias in females was found at reoperation in 39.7% compared with 17.2% in the males (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: The incidence of inguino-femoral hernia in females was higher than the results of most published studies and the reoperation rate was higher in females. The increased frequency of femoral hernia at reoperation in females suggests avoiding injuries to the posterior wall of the inguinal canal and the need for exploration of the femoral canal at the time of the primary operation.
Adult ; Female ; Hernia* ; Hernia, Femoral ; Hernia, Inguinal ; Herniorrhaphy ; Humans ; Incidence ; Inguinal Canal ; Male ; Medical Records ; Recurrence ; Reoperation ; Retrospective Studies

PURPOSE: We assessed the effect of transplantation of capsule on the change of gross and fine structures of the experimentally induced capsular rupture of porcine lens. METHODS: A rupture of 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 mm in diameter was made on the anterior capsule of the lens and the anterior capsule was transplanted using lyophilized fibrin adhesive(Greenplast(R)) to cover the rupture. RESULTS: Gross and transmission electron microscopic examinations revealed at day 1, 3 and 7 that the progression of lens opacification was delayed and the stability of microscopic fine structure was less disturbed in the lenses with a rupture of 3.0 mm or less or receiving capsule transplantation less than 4 days after capsule rupture. In the lenses with a rupture of 5 mm or larger or receiving transplantation more than 3 days after capsule rupture, there were no significant differences in gross and microscopic findings between transplantation and control groups CONCLUSION: We applied transplantation concept on the lens. Further studies are needed for transplantation of lens capsule.
Anterior Capsule of the Lens ; Fibrin ; Rupture*

PURPOSE: Growth patterns of colorectal carcinomas can be divided into polypoid growth (PG) and nonpolypoid growth (NPG). This study was intended to find characteristic clinicopathologic features and the expression status of p53, p21, and p16 with relation to growth patterns in colorectal carcinomas. METHODS: Sixty-one surgically resected colorectal carcinomas including 43 PG and 18 NPG carcinomas were reviewed in this study. Immunohistochemical stains for p53, p21, and p16 were done, and the results were analyzed with respect to growth patterns, and other prognosic parameters. RESULTS: PG carcinomas were significantly correlated with adenoma (p=0.0001), and with favorable histology group (p=0.04). On the contrary, NPG carcinomas were significantly correlated with unfavorable histology group (p=0.04). In NPG carcinomas, the frequency of positive expression of p53 was higher and the expression of p16 was lower than that of PG carcinomas. But there was no statistical significance (p=0.150, 0.210 respectively). The expression of p21 has no difference between NPG and PG carcinomas (p=0.953). CONCLUSIONS: As a result, it can be thought that the tendency of higher expression of p53 and lower expression of p16 in NPG carcinomas than in PG carcinomas may suggest more aggressive biologic behavior of NPG carcinomas.
Adenoma ; Colorectal Neoplasms* ; Coloring Agents ; Genes, Tumor Suppressor*

During temporomandibular joint (TMJ) formation, discomalleolar ligament (DML) and anterior malleolar ligament (AML) are formed within the dorsal end of the 1st branchial arch. But, DML is known as a remnant or the degenerated tissue through the TMJ development. There is few reports said that damage of AML and DML cause the damage of middle ear during surgical procedures. Especially, in case of anterior disk displacement of TMJ, aural symptom can be made via DML due to hyperextension anteriorly. A few studies have been reported about DML and AML in embryological and histological points of view, morphology and clinical aspects of DML and AML are still unclear. Four fetuses and sixteen adult hemi -sectioned heads were dissected to clarify the topographical relationship of AML and DML and to find out the anatomico -clinical relevance related with temporomandibular disorder. In fetal specimens, DML was firmly attached from the disk of the TMJ to the malleus. Also, AML in which distinguished into the superior and inferior lamellae was running anteriorly and continuous with the sphenomandibular ligament (SML) through the future petrotympanic fissure (PTF). DML attached to the malleus was observed in all adult specimens and was expanded broadly to the disk and capsule of the TMJ as shown the V -shaped ligament structures. The average distance between the anterior aspects of the malleolar head to the anterior wall of the tympanic cavity was 1.13 mm(0.75 ~1.59), and the length of the DML from the anterior aspect of the malleolar head to the attached site to the TMJ capsule at the PTF was 5.37 mm (4.53 ~6.07). The average width of the DML at the PTF was 6.06 mm (4.72 ~7.46). Most of the posterior attachments of the DML were the cases in which DML was directly attached to the malleus (68.7%). In all specimens, DML was attached to the disk and capsule of TMJ and attached to the anteromedial border of the PTF concurrently. In this study, two morphological patterns of AML were observed according to the presence of the bony ridge on the Huguiers canal in the PTF. The bony ridge of the Huguiers canal showed DML and AML separately in 56.3%, and the fused pattern of DML and AML was observed in 43.7%. AML was not distinguished with two lamellae in most specimens, superior ligament fibers were attached to the anteromedial border of the PTF and most of the inferior lamella was entering the gap in PTF and continuous with the SML. Average length from the anterior aspect of the malleolar head to the exit point of the AML on the PTF was 8.40 mm(6.62 ~11.42), and the shortest distance between the AML and chorda tympani was 2.01 mm(1.25 ~3.02). Taken all together, DML and AML were not the rudimentary, but the distinguishable structures in adults. Through the various morphological findings, DML and AML were separated ligamentous structures in which might be given rise from the divergent origin. And the anterior hyperextension of the disk of TMJ did not lead the movement of the malleus in the tympanic cavity, whereas, the movement of the malleus followed by the traction of the AML and SML was observed in a few cases. So, this results can be explained the possibility of the clinical symptom on the middle ear in case of the over -traction of the AML and SML.
Adult* ; Branchial Region ; Chorda Tympani Nerve ; Ear, Middle ; Fetus* ; Head ; Humans* ; Ligaments* ; Malleus ; Running ; Temporomandibular Joint ; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders ; Traction

Small cell carcinoma of the gallbladder is a rare neoplasm with a high malignant potential, representing about 4% of all carcinomas in this organ. It predominantly develops in older women with cholelithiasis and deaths usually occur within a few months after the diagnosis. We report a case with a small cell carcinoma of the gallbladder with literature review. A case of 74-year-old woman with fever and abdominal pain for days was temporarily diagnosed as empyema of the gallbladder and received emergency cholecystostomy. 15 days later, she underwent cholecystectomy. Pathological examination of the gallbladder revealed small cell carcinoma. Of the immunohistochemical stains for neuroendocrine and other tumor markers, this tumor was positive for cytokeratin, NSE, lysozyme, gastrin,p53 and p16 and negative for CEA, chromogranin, synaptophysin, somatostatin, serotonin and ACTH. The small cell was partially originated from the common premobial cell with bidirectional differentiation. She died of cancer cachexia 2 months after initial operation.
Abdominal Pain ; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ; Aged ; Cachexia ; Carcinoma, Small Cell* ; Cholecystectomy ; Cholecystostomy ; Cholelithiasis ; Coloring Agents ; Diagnosis ; Emergencies ; Empyema ; Female ; Fever ; Gallbladder* ; Humans ; Keratins ; Muramidase ; Neuroendocrine Tumors ; Serotonin ; Somatostatin ; Synaptophysin ; Biomarkers, Tumor

The posterior capsular opacity is the most common complication occurring after extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation. For the purpose of the object analysis of the posterior capsular opacity, 127 eyes with the posterior capsular opacities were observed at 2 years after operation using the retroillumination and slit beam of Scheimpflug camera. In this study, the patients were undergone extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation at Inha university hospital from January 1997 to December 1997. Of 127 eyes, 89 eyes were free of diabetes mellitus, 38 eyes not. 89 eyes, free of diabetes mellitus, were 24 eyes whose posterior capsular thickness was thinner than 0.06 mm, 40 eyes from 0.06 mm to 0.12 mm, 17 eyes from 0.12 mm to 0.18 mm, and 8 eyes above 0.18 mm.Visual acuity of four groups had statistical difference with one another.There was significant correlation between the mean visual acuity and the thickness of center of the posterior capsule statistically.There was significant correlation between the mean visual acuity and the area of posterior capsular opacity, between the mean visual acuity and the inclusion of visual axis in the opaque area statistically.In conclusion, if we measure the thickness and area of posterior capsular opacity using Scheimpflug camera with regular interval, we will get the knowledge of progression of after cataract.
Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Cataract Extraction ; Cataract* ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Humans ; Lens Implantation, Intraocular ; Visual Acuity

The widespread use of colonoscopy for early detection of colorectal pathology has increased the use of osmotic laxatives for colonic cleansing. Among these, oral sodium phosphate preparations can cause renal insufficiency through the development of acute phosphate nephropathy. Acute phosphate nephropathy can be distinguished as early symptomatic and late insidious patterns. Patients whose presentation is insidious are easily overlooked and can progress to chronic kidney disease. We report a case of complete recovery from the late insidious type of acute phosphate nephropathy.
Colon ; Colonoscopy ; Humans ; Laxatives ; Pathology ; Renal Insufficiency ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; Sodium

PURPOSE: Simple closure, regardless of using an omental patch, continues to be the preferred option for many surgeons. It is a easy, quick and safe operation, and it can be applied to all situations by every surgeon. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of routinely using laparoscopic repair for treating perforated peptic ulcer. METHODS: A retrospective review was carried out on 68 consecutive patients who underwent patch repair for a perforated peptic ulcer; 11 underwent laparoscopic repair and 57 underwent open repair. Laparoscopic repair was performed by one surgeon at the same hospital between March, 2006 and February, 2009. Both groups were compared according to the Mann-Whitney U-test. A p value <0.05 was considered to be significant. RESULTS: Statistical significance (p<0.05) between two groups (laparoscopic vs. open) was present regarding to the postoperative morbidity (0 vs. 16 cases, respectively), the hospital stay (4.8 vs. 12.7 days, respectively), the postoperative day of resuming an oral diet (3 vs. 5.7 days, respectively). The mean operative time of laparoscopic repair (78 minutes) was shorter than that of open repair (82 minutes) but this was not statistically significant (p=0.81). We excluded using a pain scale or assessing the use of analgesics in this study because of the popularity of IV PCA (intravenous patient-controlled analgesia). CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic primary repair is a safe emergency procedure for treating perforated peptic ulcer patients.
Analgesics ; Diet ; Emergencies ; Humans ; Length of Stay ; Operative Time ; Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis ; Peptic Ulcer ; Retrospective Studies