Introduction: Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is a chronic, autoimmune blistering disease occurring primarily in the elderly population. The pathogenesis of this condition has been strongly linked to the presence of circulating and tissue-bound autoantibodies against the basement membrane antigens BP180 and BP230. In most cases, the causative agent remains unidentified, but in a selected few, certain medications have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (-gliptins), in particular, which are used primarily in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, have been increasingly suspected to be a prime aggravating drug in the incidence of BP. Case summary: Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is a chronic autoimmune blistering disease mainly affecting the elderly population. While the pathogenesis has not yet been fully elucidated, it has been suggested that there is a correlation observed with certain groups of medications. Among drugs correlated with bullous pemphigoid, the group of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (-gliptins) used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus has been one of the most strongly associated. This is a case of a 64-year-old female on regular maintenance medications including linagliptin who developed generalized pruritus followed a week after by appearance of localized fluid-filled vesicles and bullae on the right lower leg. BP associated with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors is characterized as “non-inflammatory” – lesions are localized and associated with less erythema compared to the classic presentation. Serum eosinophilia was absent, and serum autoantibody against BP180 was positive. Histopathologic and immunohistologic results revealed characteristics similar to classic bullous pemphigoid. The association of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors to the development of BP was observed to have a long latency period between initiation of drug to onset of lesions. There was significant improvement after both withdrawal of the drug and standard steroids and doxycycline. Unlike other drug-induced BP, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor-associated BP was found to have similar prognosis with the classic manifestation as the patient noted recurrence one month after remission despite withdrawal of inciting drug. Conclusion: There has been increasing incidence in DPP-4 inhibitor-associated BP. Though its clinical course is similar to classic BP, a non-inflammatory and more localized presentation would prompt suspicion of association with drug. The long latency in DPP-4 inhibitor and lesion onset suggests that rather than being simply an adverse reaction to treatment, DPP-4 inhibitor-associated BP should be viewed as a drug-associated or drug-aggravated disease. Determining the association of BP to DPP4-inhibitors is significant as the management for these patients not only entails standard management of BP but also withdrawal of the suspect drug, which in this case was found to significantly improve the patient’s lesions after one month. Unlike other drug-induced BP, however, DPP-4 inhibitor associated BP was found to have the same prognosis with classic BP as the patient noted recurrence one month after remission.
Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors ; Pemphigoid, Bullous ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors ; Hypoglycemic Agents

BACKGROUND: To evaluate resource use and health costs due to the combination of metformin and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors in patients with diabetes and renal impairment in routine clinical practice. METHODS: An observational, retrospective study was performed. Patients aged > or =30 years treated with metformin who initiated a second oral antidiabetic treatment in 2009 to 2010 were included. Two groups of patients were analysed: metformin+DPP-4 inhibitors and other oral antidiabetics. The main measures were: compliance, persistence, metabolic control (glycosylated hemoglobin< 7%) and complications (hypoglycemia, cardiovascular events) and total costs. Patients were followed up for 2 years. RESULTS: We included 395 patients, mean age 70.2 years, 56.5% male: 135 patients received metformin+DPP-4 inhibitors and 260 patients received metformin+other oral antidiabetics. Patients receiving DPP-4 inhibitors showed better compliance (66.0% vs. 60.1%), persistence (57.6% vs. 50.0%), and metabolic control (63.9% vs. 57.3%), respectively, compared with those receiving other oral antidiabetics (P<0.05), and also had a lower rate of hypoglycemia (20.0% vs. 47.7%) and lower total costs (euro 2,486 vs. euro 3,002), P=0.001. CONCLUSION: Despite the limitations of the study, patients with renal impairment treated with DPP-4 inhibitors had better metabolic control, lower rates (association) of hypoglycaemia, and lower health costs for the Spanish national health system.
Compliance ; Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors ; Health Care Costs ; Humans ; Hypoglycemia ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; Male ; Metformin* ; Retrospective Studies

In 2017, the Korean Diabetes Association (KDA) published a position statement on the use of antihyperglycemic agents for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The KDA regularly updates its Clinical Practice Guidelines, but since the last update in 2015, many results from clinical trials have been introduced, and domestic data from studies performed in Korean patients with T2DM have been published. Recently, evidence from large clinical studies assessing cardiovascular outcomes following the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists in patients with T2DM were incorporated into the recommendations. Additionally, new data from clinical trials using dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors and thiazolidinediones in Korean patients with T2DM were added. Following a systematic review and assessment of recent evidence, the KDA updated and modified its clinical practice recommendations regarding the use of antihyperglycemic agents and revised the treatment algorithm for Korean adult patients with T2DM.
Adult* ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2* ; Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors ; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 ; Humans ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; Insulin ; Thiazolidinediones

In 2017, the Korean Diabetes Association (KDA) published a position statement on the use of antihyperglycemic agents for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The KDA regularly updates its Clinical Practice Guidelines, but since the last update in 2015, many results from clinical trials have been introduced, and domestic data from studies performed in Korean patients with T2DM have been published. Recently, evidence from large clinical studies assessing cardiovascular outcomes following the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists in patients with T2DM were incorporated into the recommendations. Additionally, new data from clinical trials using dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors and thiazolidinediones in Korean patients with T2DM were added. Following a systematic review and assessment of recent evidence, the KDA updated and modified its clinical practice recommendations regarding the use of antihyperglycemic agents and revised the treatment algorithm for Korean adult patients with T2DM.
Adult* ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2* ; Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors ; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 ; Humans ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; Insulin ; Thiazolidinediones

OBJECTIVETo synthesize novel cyanopyrrolidine-bearing compounds as dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors and characterize their biological activities in vitro.

METHODSEleven analogues of carbonitrilpyrrolidine were designed and synthesized by substitution reaction of (S)-2-(2-cyanopyrrolidin-1-yl)acetyl bromide with substituted phenyl piperazine pyridazinones.

RESULTSThe structures of the compounds were characterized by (1)H-NMR and MS spectra. Biological evaluation indicated that most of the compounds exhibited moderate inhibitory activities against DPP4.

CONCLUSIONThe preliminary bioassay indicates that all the synthesized compounds have moderate DPP-4 inhibition activity, especially the compounds 1j and 1k with inhibition rates reaching 26.14% and 34.15% at the concentration of 1×10(5) nmol/L, respectively.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; drug therapy ; Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; Drug Design ; Humans ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; Pyrrolidines ; chemistry

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are promising new antidiabetic drugs. It had been proposed that DPP-4 inhibitors exert their antidiabetic effect by inhibiting the degradation of glucagon-like peptide 1(GLP-1) . However, new evidence has shown that the increase of GLP-1 is not notable after the use of these drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, the specific mechanisms via which DPP-4 inhibitors in controlling blood glucose has became questionable. In recent years, studies have revealed many possible mechanisms through which DPP-4 inhibitors regulate glycemia: DPP-4 inhibitors may selectively reduce DPP-4 activity in the intestine, causing the increase of portal plasma GLP-1 level and thus promoting the release of insulin via nerve reflex;also, they may decrease the cleavage product of GLP-1 and reduce the degradation of other bioactive peptides.
Blood Glucose ; metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; drug therapy ; Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Humans ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; pharmacology

In 2008, the United States Food and Drug Administration issued guidance which mandated long-term cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) to assess the safety of new antidiabetic drugs for type 2 diabetes. Since 2008, three CVOTs that have studied dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and four CVOTs of a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) have been reported. Each of the completed CVOTs showed the noninferiority of respective drugs to placebo for primary CV composite endpoint. Among them, liraglutide and semaglutide showed a reduction of major adverse cardiovascular events. However, the mechanisms for the observed cardiovascular differences between DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1RA, and across individual GLP-1RA are not clearly understood. Therefore, this review will summarize the CVOTs of the DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1RA, interpretation of cardioprotective results of incretin-based therapy and the possible mechanism of action.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors ; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; Incretins* ; Liraglutide ; United States Food and Drug Administration

Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors, or gliptins, are a class of oral hypoglycemic drugs that have been widely used as a second-line treatment for type 2 diabetes. Gliptins, which were introduced for clinical use a decade ago, have been shown to be beneficial against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in animals and humans. Cenicriviroc (CVC), a dual antagonist of C-C chemokine receptor type 2 and 5, is currently under investigation against NASH and fibrosis. It was previously discovered that evogliptin (EVO) reduces hepatic steatosis in diet-induced obese animals but the effectiveness of EVO on NASH remains unexplored. Here, we compared the effectiveness of EVO and CVC against NASH and fibrosis in mice fed a high-fat and high-fructose diet (HFHF). Biochemical and histological analyses showed that mice fed a HFHF for 20 weeks developed severe hepatic steatosis and inflammation with mild fibrosis. Administration of EVO (0.2% wt/wt) for the last 8 weeks of HFHF feeding significantly reduced hepatic triglyceride accumulation, inflammation, and fibrosis as well as restored insulin sensitivity, as evidenced by lowered plasma insulin levels and the improvement in insulin tolerance test curves. Treatment of mice with CVC (0.1% wt/wt) inhibited hepatic inflammation and fibrogenesis with similar efficacy to that of EVO, without affecting hepatic steatosis. CVC treatment also reduced plasma insulin concentrations, despite no improvement in insulin tolerance. In conclusion, EVO administration efficiently ameliorated the development of NASH and fibrosis in HFHF-fed mice, corroborating its therapeutic potential.
Animals ; Diet ; Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors ; Fatty Liver ; Fibrosis ; Humans ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; Inflammation ; Insulin ; Insulin Resistance ; Mice ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ; Plasma ; Triglycerides

During past several years, a novel class of antihyperglycemic agents, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, has become one of the most important options in the management of type 2 diabetes. These agents have unique insulinotropic actions as well as other advantages such as lower hypoglycemia and a weight-neutral effect compared to traditional insulin secretagogues. To date, 6 different DPP-4 inhibitors have been introduced: sitagliptin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, alogliptin and gemiglitin. This review provides a summary of the clinical data for each DPP-4 inhibitor, and discusses the similarities and differences between them.
Adamantane ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Dipeptides ; Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors ; Hypoglycemia ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; Incretins ; Insulin ; Nitriles ; Piperidines ; Purines ; Pyrazines ; Pyrrolidines ; Quinazolines ; Triazoles ; Uracil ; Linagliptin ; Sitagliptin Phosphate

BACKGROUND: The hypoglycemic drugs dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors have proven protective effects on diabetic kidney disease, including renal fibrosis. Although NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation is known to play an important role in the progression of renal fibrosis, the impact of DPP-4 inhibition on NLRP3-mediated inflammation while ameliorating renal fibrosis has not been fully elucidated. Here, we report that the renoprotective effect of gemigliptin is associated with a reduction in NLRP3-mediated inflammation in a murine model of renal fibrosis.METHODS: We examined the effects of gemigliptin on renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis induced in mice by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Using immunohistochemical and Western blot analysis, we quantitated components of the NLRP3 inflammasome in kidneys with and without gemigliptin treatment, and in vitro in human kidney tubular epithelial human renal proximal tubule cells (HK-2) cells, we further analyzed the effect of gemigliptin on transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-stimulated production of profibrotic proteins.RESULTS: Immunohistological examination revealed that gemigliptin ameliorated UUO-induced tubular atrophy and renal fibrosis. Gemigliptin-treated kidneys showed a reduction in levels of NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC), caspase-1, and interleukin-1β, which had all been markedly increased by UUO. In line with thein vivoresults, TGF-β markedly increased NLRP3 inflammasome markers, which were attenuated by gemigliptin treatment. Furthermore, gemigliptin treatment attenuated phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB levels, which had been increased in the UUO kidney as well as in TGF-β-treated cultured renal cells.CONCLUSION: The present study shows that activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome contributes to UUO-induced renal fibrosis and the renoprotective effect of gemigliptin is associated with attenuation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
Animals ; Atrophy ; Blotting, Western ; Diabetic Nephropathies ; Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors ; Down-Regulation ; Fibrosis ; Humans ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; In Vitro Techniques ; Inflammasomes ; Inflammation ; Kidney ; Mice ; Ureteral Obstruction