OBJECTIVETo study and analysis prevalence and incidence of target organ injury and the relative factors for isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) in Beijing.

METHODS1002 cases aged 80 to 99 years were investigated in 28 cadre retirement centers in Beijing. Blood pressure was taken for three times with mercurial sphygmomanometer in every person, the mean values were recorded and the relative material was gathered according to questionnaire after the health education. Physical examination form of outpatient department and inpatient case history in fixed hospital were analyzed.

RESULTSIn 1002 very old persons, there were 673 hypertensive patients (67.2%) and 455 ISH (45.4%). Among all hypertensive patients, the rate of ISH was 67.6% and double hypertension was 32.4%. Awareness rate was 87.90% and 97.71%, taking antihypertensive drug rate was 77.58% and 80.73%, control rate was 58.68% and 62.84% in ISH and in double hypertension group, respectively, which were no significant differences between the two groups. There was no significant difference in morbidities of cardiac heart disease, myocardial infarction and chronic renal insufficiency between the two groups. The incidences of heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, disability and dementia were 4.62% and 8.72%, 41.54% and 55.50%, 10.55% and 16.06%, 8.57% and 12.84% in ISH and double hypertension group, respectively, which were significant differences between the two groups (P < 0.01). The susceptible age period for ISH was 70 to 79 years in this study.

CONCLUSIONISH is more common in hypertensive patients in very old persons at 28 cadre retirement centers in Beijing. Morbidity of heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, disability and dementia were higher in double hypertension group compared with those in ISH group. The results showed that increase of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure was more dangerous than that of systolic pressure only for very old persons. The improvement of small arterial plastic and the control of blood pressure to target level (< 140/90 mm Hg) in very old hypertensive patients are very important for decreasing the incidence of target organ injury and increasing their life quality and late survival rate.

Aged, 80 and over ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; epidemiology ; Cerebrovascular Disorders ; epidemiology ; China ; epidemiology ; Diabetes Mellitus ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; epidemiology ; Hypertension ; epidemiology ; physiopathology ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; epidemiology ; Male ; Prevalence ; Systole

Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is an age-related progressive disease and may affect up to half of adult women, but it has failed to receive due attention for a long time. Hypertension is a common and frequently encountered disease, and female sexual dysfunction is closely related to hypertension and antihypertensive drugs. Hypertension-related atherosclerosis, endothelial disorder and antihypertensive drugs are important risk factors for female sexual function. This article reviews the mechanisms of hypertension-induced FSD and advances in their studies.
Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; epidemiology ; physiopathology ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological ; epidemiology ; etiology

OBJECTIVETo assess the clinical significance of ankle-brachial index(ABI) in aged Chinese hypertensive men and to determine the association of ABI with clinical coronary heart disease, stroke.

METHODSAnkle-brachial index (ABI) was measured by means of peripheral vascular lab in aged hypertensive men from 301 Hospital and Anzhen Hospital while the clinical characteristics of the study population were investigated and collected. ABI < or = 0.9 was defined as peripheral arterial disease (PAD), 1.01 - 1.30 as borderline PAD.

RESULTSThere were 244 aged Chinese hypertensive men with antihypertensive treatment and with mean age 76.47 +/- 9.75 enrolled in this study, in whom 15 men with missing data except general information and ABI measurement. The mean ABI was 0.941 +/- 0.258 with the highest frequency 1.01 - 1.30. Eighty five men were diagnosed as PAD, 22 as borderline PAD, 135 normal ABI and 2 with ABI > 1.3. ABI and rate of hypertension control in PAD and borderline PAD men were significantly lower than those with normal ABI. In both PAD and borderline PAD patients, the hypertension duration (except in borderline PAD), creatinine level, neutrophil count (except in borderline PAD), percentage of alcohol drinking, prevalence of diabetes mellitus (except in borderline PAD), coronary artery disease, stroke and dyslipidemia (except in borderline PAD) were significantly higher than those with normal ABI patients. The prevalences of PAD, borderline PAD, coronary artery disease and stroke in this study population were 35.1%, 9.1%, 64.0%, 40.5%, respectively. The prevalences of PAD, borderline PAD, coronary artery disease and stroke increased significantly with increasing age. Logistic regression analysis showed that lower ABI was inversely associated with clinical coronary artery disease and stroke after adjustment for age, body mass index, hypertension duration, rate of hypertension control, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, status of smoking, alcohol drinking, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia. The fully-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for PAD and borderline PAD group compared with normal ABI group for the prevalence of coronary artery disease, and stroke demonstrated that these conditions were conversely related to ABI.

CONCLUSIONAged hypertensive men have high prevalence of PAD. Low ABI level was independently associated with coronary artery disease and stroke.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Ankle Brachial Index ; China ; epidemiology ; Coronary Disease ; epidemiology ; etiology ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Hypertension ; complications ; physiopathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Stroke ; epidemiology ; etiology ; physiopathology

BACKGROUNDThe incidence of diabetic nephropathy (DN) increases year by year. However, clinical characteristics of DN patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) were rarely reported in China. The purpose of this study was to examine the clinical characteristics of the DN patients on MHD in Anhui Province, Eastern China.

METHODSThe clinical data of MHD patients in the hemodialysis centers of 26 hospitals in Anhui Province from January 1, 2014, to March 31, 2014, were examined. The differences between DN patients and non-DN patients were compared regarding vascular access, nutritional status, mineral and bone disorder, and other indexes.

RESULTSAmong the selected 2768 adult MHD patients, 427 had DN. The incidence of hypertension, coronary heart disease, and cerebral thrombus in DN patients was 94.1%, 21.5%, and 15.0%, respectively, which were higher than those in non-DN patients (P < 0.001). Category of vascular access for hemodialysis in DN patients was arteriovenous fistula (AVF) (87.4% [373/427]) and tunneled cuffed catheter (TCC) (11.2% [48/427]). The percentage of AVF was significantly lower than that of non-DN patients (P < 0.001), and percentage of TCC was significantly higher than that of non-DN patients (P < 0.001). Hemoglobin achievement rate in DN patients was 32.0%. The incidence of hypoalbuminemia was 24.7%, significantly higher than that in non-DN patients (P < 0.001). The achievement rate of the target range in mineral values was 55.9% in corrected serum calcium level, 30.1% in serum phosphorus level, and 49.3% in intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) level in DN patients. Compared with non-DN patients, the achievement rate of serum phosphorus was significantly higher in DN patients.

CONCLUSIONSDN patients on MHD in Anhui province exhibited different clinical characteristics compared to non-DN hemodialysis patients. They presented higher percentage in TCC use and cardiovascular complication, lower serum albumin and iPTH levels than those in non-DN patients.

Aged ; Calcium ; blood ; China ; Coronary Disease ; blood ; epidemiology ; physiopathology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diabetic Nephropathies ; blood ; epidemiology ; physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; blood ; epidemiology ; physiopathology ; Intracranial Thrombosis ; blood ; epidemiology ; physiopathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Parathyroid Hormone ; blood ; Phosphorus ; blood ; Renal Dialysis

OBJECTIVETo assess and compare the predictive effects of hypertension before puberty and during puberty on adult hypertension.

METHODSA total of 412 adults from the "Beijing children and adolescents blood pressure (BP) study" cohort were followed up in a clinical examination in 2005. Systolic and diastolic BP, height, and weight in childhood were measured at a baseline survey in 1987. The participants were divided into pre-puberty and puberty sub-cohorts according to their pubertal development stage at baseline. Information on adult BP, anthropometric indices and life style were collected through questionnaire and physical examination. BP changes and the predictive effect on adult hypertension were compared between the two sub-cohorts. Correlation of BP levels between 1987 and 2005 was examined through linear regression models.

RESULTSFrom childhood to adulthood, the regression coefficients of systolic BP were similar in the two sub-cohorts (both β=0.34, P<0.001), while the coefficient of diastolic BP was larger in the pubertal cohort (β=0.31, P<0.001) compared with the pre-pubertal cohort (β=0.12, P=0.017). Fifty percent of children with pubertal hypertension became hypertensive adults, while pre-pubertal hypertension resulted in 34.3%. After adjustment for sex, age, family history of hypertension, obesity in childhood, and adulthood, pubertal hypertension predicted a higher risk of adult hypertension than pre-pubertal hypertension, with odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 10.00 (3.03-33.07) and 2.71 (0.83-8.85), respectively.

CONCLUSIONOur results suggest that hypertension during puberty is likely to result in adult hypertension.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Blood Pressure ; Body Mass Index ; Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; epidemiology ; physiopathology ; Male ; Overweight ; epidemiology ; physiopathology ; Puberty ; physiology ; Risk Factors

This article is to overview the literature of syndrome differentiation of traditional Chinese medicine on hypertension. According to the theory of disease in combination with syndrome, we concluded syndrome types of hypertension in four aspects, including national standards, industry standards, teaching standards and personal experience. Meanwhile, in order to provide new methods and approaches for normalized research, we integrated modern testing methods and statistical methods to analyze syndrome differentiation for the treatment of hypertension.
Humans ; Hypertension ; classification ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; methods ; standards ; Reference Standards

BACKGROUNDLeft ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and geometric abnormality are associated with morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular disease and stroke. Hypertension is the major cause of LVH. Yet the prevalence and other risk factors of LVH and geometric abnormality in Chinese hypertensive population are unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of LVH and geometric abnormality in community-based Chinese hypertensive population.

METHODSThe study was a community-based cross-sectional study, and comprised 4270 hypertension patients with integrated clinical and echocardiographic data. Left ventricular mass was measured by transthoracic echocardiography. LVH was diagnosed by using the criteria of over 49.2 g/m(2.7) for men and 46.7 g/m(2.7) for women. LV geometric patterns (normal, concentric remodeling, concentric or eccentric hypertrophy) were calculated according to LVH and relative wall thickness. Logistic regression model was used to determine the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the risk factors of LVH.

RESULTSThe prevalence of LVH was 42.7% in 4270 hypertensive patients, with 37.4% in males and 45.4% in females, respectively. The prevalence of concentric remodeling, concentric or eccentric hypertrophy was 24.7%, 20.2%, and 22.6%, respectively. In Logistic regression model, female (OR 1.3, 95%CI 1.1 - 1.5, P < 0.01), age (OR 1.02, 95%CI 1.01 - 1.03, P < 0.01), body mass index (OR 1.2, 95%CI 1.15 - 1.20, P < 0.01), systolic blood pressure (OR 1.02, 95%CI 1.01 - 1.03, P < 0.01), and serum triglyceride (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.00 - 1.20, P < 0.01) were risk factors of LVH. Female, age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure and serum triglyceride were also risk factors of left ventricular geometric abnormality.

CONCLUSIONSThe echocardiographic LVH is the major complication of patients with hypertension in rural area of China, especially for women. To effectively treat hypertension, weight loss and control of serum triglyceride may help to prevent LVH in hypertensive population.

Adult ; Aged ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Echocardiography ; Female ; Heart Ventricles ; anatomy & histology ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Hypertension ; epidemiology ; physiopathology ; Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular ; epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVETo examine the relationship between overweight or obesity and the risk of the various hypertension hemodynamic subtypes in Yi farmers and migrants.

METHODSA cross-sectional study of 2 358 Yi farmers and 1 392 Yi migrants was carried out in the Liangshan Yi autonomous prefecture, Sichuan, China in 2007.

RESULTSThe standardized prevalence of overweight in female Yi farmers (6.22%) was higher than in males (3.15%), whereas in Yi migrants 31.56% of males and 18.78% of females were overweight. The standardized prevalence of obesity was 0 and 0.61% in male and female Yi farmers, compared to 3.91% and 5.57% in male and female Yi migrants, respectively. For both genders the standardized prevalence of ISH, IDH, and SDH was higher in Yi migrants than Yi farmers. Overweight and obese Yi men and women had a higher risk for IDH and SDH (P<0.001) than non-overweight/obese individuals. However, an association of overweight or obesity with ISH was observed only in men.

CONCLUSIONYi migrants have substantially higher proportion of overweight and obese individuals, as well as individuals affected by ISH, IDH, and SDH, than do Yi farmers. Overweight and obesity are significant risk factors for the development of hypertension in Yi people.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Body Mass Index ; China ; epidemiology ; Diastole ; Female ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Hypertension ; ethnology ; physiopathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Obesity ; ethnology ; physiopathology ; Overweight ; ethnology ; physiopathology ; Systole ; Young Adult

Recent studies have revealed an inverse association between height and cardiovascular disease. However, the background mechanism of this association has not yet been clarified. Height has also been reported to be positively associated with cancer. Therefore, well-known cardiovascular risk factors, such as increased oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, are not the best explanations for this inverse association because these risk factors are also related to cancer. However, impaired blood flow is the main pathological problem in cardiovascular disease, while glowing feeding vessels (angiogenesis) are the main characteristic of cancer pathologies. Therefore, endothelial maintenance activity, especially for the productivity of hematopoietic stem cells such as CD34-positive cells, could be associated with the height of an individual because this cell contributes not only to the progression of atherosclerosis but also to the development of angiogenesis. In addition, recent studies have also revealed a close connection between bone marrow activity and endothelial maintenance; bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells contribute towards endothelial maintenance. Since the absolute volume of bone marrow is positively associated with height, height could influence endothelial maintenance activity. Based on these hypotheses, we performed several studies. The aim of this review is not only to discuss the association between height and bone marrow activity, but also to describe the potential mechanism underlying endothelial maintenance. In addition, this review also aims to explain some of the reasons that implicate hypertension as a major risk factor for stroke among the Japanese population. The review also aims to clarify the anthropological reasons behind the high risk of atherosclerosis progression in Japanese individuals with acquired genetic characteristics.
Aged ; Atherosclerosis/physiopathology* ; Body Height/physiology* ; Bone Marrow/physiology* ; Disease Progression ; Endothelium/physiology* ; Humans ; Hypertension/physiopathology* ; Japan/epidemiology* ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; Stroke/physiopathology*

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the clinical characteristics and therapy conditions in hospitalized patients with essential hypertension in Beijing.

METHODSPatients with essential hypertension hospitalized in 20 Beijing hospitals in recent 2 years were included in this epidemiologic retrospective survey. Data on age, blood pressure level, risk factors and complicated diseases, antihypertensive medication and heart structural and functional characteristics measured by echocardiography were collected.

RESULTSTotal 5106 hospitalized patients (mean age 63.78 years) with essential hypertension were recorded. Mean blood pressure was 145.97/84.23 mm Hg (1 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa). Among them, 75.5% complicated with at least one risk factor, 30% suffered from heart failure. The atria enlargement and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction were the two most common echocardiographic pathological changes. Left ventricular hypertrophy is positively correlated with blood pressure. Logistic regression analysis showed that increased systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and plasma creatinine, old age and decreased HDL-cholesterol were risk factors of left ventricular hypertrophy. Only 32.1% patients achieved the goal blood pressure level (<140/90 mm Hg) and 38.1% patients were treated with monotherapy. The most commonly used antihypertensive drugs were calcium channel blockers and diuretics.

CONCLUSIONSIt is of importance to strictly follow the therapy guidelines on hypertension treatment and use combined drug therapy to increase the rate of patients reaching goal blood pressure level and reduce hypertensive complications.

Aged ; Blood Pressure ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; epidemiology ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular ; epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors