Body Mass Index ; China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Hypertension ; epidemiology ; Incidence ; Insulin Resistance ; Metabolic Syndrome ; epidemiology ; etiology ; genetics

Objective: To analyze the prevalence of dry and wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in patients with diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia, and to analyze the risk factors for AMD. Methods: A population-based cross-sectional epidemiologic study was conducted involving 14,440 individuals. We assessed the prevalence of dry and wet AMD in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects and analyzed the risk factors for AMD. Results: The prevalence of wet AMD in diabetic and non-diabetic patients was 0.3% and 0.5%, respectively, and the prevalence of dry AMD was 17% and 16.4%, respectively. The prevalence of wet AMD in healthy, hypertensive, hyperlipidemic, and hypertensive/hyperlipidemic populations was 0.5%, 0.3%, 0.2%, and 0.7%, respectively. The prevalence of dry AMD in healthy, hypertensive, hyperlipidemic, and hypertensive/hyperlipidemic populations was 16.6%, 16.2%, 15.2%, and 17.2%, respectively. Age, sex, body mass index, and use of hypoglycemic drugs or lowering blood pressure drugs were corrected in the risk factor analysis of AMD. Diabetes, diabetes/hypertension, diabetes/hyperlipidemia, and diabetes/hypertension/hyperlipidemia were analyzed. None of the factors analyzed in the current study increased the risk for the onset of AMD. Conclusion There was no significant difference in the prevalence of wet and dry AMD among diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Similarly, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of wet and dry AMD among subjects with hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Diabetes co-existing with hypertension and hyperlipidemia were not shown to be risk factors for the onset of dry AMD.
Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology* ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias/epidemiology* ; Hypertension/epidemiology* ; Macular Degeneration/etiology* ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVETo investigate the types of lipid disorder and its relationship with macrovascular diseases and insulin resistance in Chinese diabetic patients.

METHODS2,430 diabetic patients finished the diabetes complications assessment and were surveyed on their blood lipids, insulin level and macrovascular diseases. The insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated based on HOMA model.

RESULTSPrevalence of lipids disorder was as high as 63.8% in this group, including 23.9% with both hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia (HY-C-T), 16.1% with hypercholesterolemia only (HY-C), 15.0% with hypertriglyceridemia only (HY-T), 5.5% with lower HDL level (L-HDL), 3.3% with hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and lower HDL level together. Compared with the patients with normal lipid level (control group), no duration differences existed among these groups. There were more female patients in HY-C and HY-C-T groups. BMI and WHR were higher in all groups with lipid disorder except in HY-C group. Macrovascular diseases were more common in HY-C-T patients than in control group (33.6% vs 24.0%, P < 0.001). Average blood pressure and the prevalence of hypertension were significantly higher in HY-C-T, HY-C, HY-T groups than in control group (139/79, 138/76, 134/77 vs. 132/75 mmHg; 53.2%, 50.1%, 46.2% vs. 39.2%). Fasting insulin level was significantly higher in HY-C-T and HY-C-T-L-LDL groups than in controls. Insulin resistance was more severe in all patients with lipid disorder except in L-HDL group, particularly in the HY-C-T-L-HDL group.

CONCLUSIONS(1) BMI, WHR increased significantly with the severity of lipid disorder. (2) Nearly two thirds of Chinese diabetic patients have lipid disorder, which is the strong risk factor of macrovascular diseases and aggravates insulin resistance. (3) There was severe insulin resistance in patients with hypertriglyceridemia or with hypertriglyceridemia plus other lipid disorder.

Adult ; Aged ; China ; epidemiology ; Diabetes Complications ; Diabetic Nephropathies ; etiology ; Diabetic Retinopathy ; etiology ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Hypertension ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Insulin Resistance ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence

OBJECTIVETo estimate the relative risks of dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndromes among overweight and obese Chinese children compared with their normal weight counterparts.

METHODSOverweight and obesity were defined by age- and sex-specific BMI classification reference for Chinese children and adolescents. Pediatric metabolic syndrome (MetS) and each risk factor for MetS were defined using the criteria for US adolescents. Definition of hyper-TC, LDL, and dyslipidemia for adults was applied as well. General linear model factor analysis and chi-square test were used to compare the difference in metabolic indicators among normal weight, overweight, and obese groups. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the odds ratio of metabolic abnormalities between obesity, overweight, and normal weight children, after adjustment for living area, family economic level, age, sex, and daily exercise time and TV watching time, as well as different dietary indices in the model.

RESULTSSignificant increases in blood lipids, glucose, and blood pressure were found among overweight and obese children as compared with their counterparts with normal weight. By applying WGOC-recommended BMI classification, the risks for hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL and dyslipidemia among overweight children were 1.9, 1.4, and 1.5 times, and was 3.3, 1.5, and 1.8 times among obese groups compared to their counterparts with normal weight after adjustment for age, sex, region, socioeconomic status, physical activity, and dietary intakes. The overweight and obese children (15-17.9 years) had a high-risk of developing hypertension, which was 2.3 and 2.9 times higher than their counterparts with normal weight. Above 90% obese adolescents had abdominal obesity, while less than 1% normal weight ones had abdominal obesity. No obese adolescents were free from any risk factors for MetS, while 36.9% of normal weight adolescents were from the risk factors. 83.3% obese boys and all obese girls had metabolic syndrome, while only 15.5% normal weight boys and 18.8% normal weight girls had metabolic syndrome. Four risk factors for metabolic syndrome were found in 8.3% obese boys while none in normal weight boys and girls. The prevalence of MetS among normal weight, overweight, and obesity groups was 1.5%, 18.3%, and 38.1% respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors are clustered in obese Chinese children. Our observations strongly suggest that efforts should be made to prevent the onset of overweight and its associated diseases during early childhood.

Adolescent ; Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Diabetes Mellitus ; epidemiology ; Dyslipidemias ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Male ; Obesity ; complications ; epidemiology ; Risk Factors

Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is an age-related progressive disease and may affect up to half of adult women, but it has failed to receive due attention for a long time. Hypertension is a common and frequently encountered disease, and female sexual dysfunction is closely related to hypertension and antihypertensive drugs. Hypertension-related atherosclerosis, endothelial disorder and antihypertensive drugs are important risk factors for female sexual function. This article reviews the mechanisms of hypertension-induced FSD and advances in their studies.
Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; epidemiology ; physiopathology ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological ; epidemiology ; etiology

Surveys of noncommunicable diseases were performed in six communities in Papua New Guinea during 1985-1986. Results are reported here with respect to blood pressure and associated factors in adults. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were lowest, and hypertension was rarest (less than 2%), in three rural/semirural villages on Karkar Island, Madang Province. Intermediate values for blood pressure and moderate prevalence of hypertension (3-6%) were observed in rural and urban Tolai communities in East New Britain Province. A periurban village in the Eastern Highlands Province displayed the highest mean blood pressures and prevalence of hypertension (12% in men and 5% in women). There was a modest rise in mean systolic blood pressure with age in most groups, but the age-related rise in diastolic pressure was much less pronounced. Other cardiovascular risk factors--body mass index (BMI), and plasma cholesterol, glucose and insulin concentrations--were lowest in the least developed rural villages on Karkar Island and highest in the urban Tolai and periurban highland communities. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly (and positively) related to age, male sex, BMI and speaking a non-Austronesian language. It is concluded that there is now a considerable variation in the prevalence of hypertension, and the levels of blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors, in different communities in Papua New Guinea.
Adult ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular Diseases - etiology ; Diabetes Mellitus - epidemiology ; Hypertension - complications ; Obesity - epidemiology ; Papua New Guinea

Child ; Humans ; Hypertension, Pulmonary - epidemiology ; Hypertension, Pulmonary - etiology ; Papua New Guinea - epidemiology ; Urban Population - statistics & ; numerical data

OBJECTIVETo examine the association between obesity and high blood pressure (BP) in Chinese children and adolescents.

METHODSBody mass index (BMI) and blood pressure measurements of 197 191 children aged 7-17 years were obtained from a Chinese national survey in 2010. Obesity and high BP were defined according to the reference values for Chinese children. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of different BMI categories for high BP, as well as the population attributable risk percent (PAR%), were also calculated.

RESULTSThe prevalence of high BP was 16.1% for boys and 12.9% for girls in 2010. Overweight and obese children had a significantly higher prevalence of high BP than non-overweight children in both boys and girls in each age group. ORs (95% CI) for high BP were 4.1 (3.9, 4.4) in obese boys and 4.0 (3.7, 4.3) in obese girls. The overall PAR% for high BP due to overweight and obesity was 14.4%.

CONCLUSIONOverweight and obese children have a significantly higher risk of high BP than non-overweight children. Eliminating overweight and obesity could reduce 14.4% of high BP cases.

Adolescent ; Aging ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Male ; Overweight ; complications ; epidemiology ; Prevalence

OBJECTIVETo observe whether the community-based management for patients with hypertension can reduce the incidence of stroke.

METHODSSample of this study included 36 863 people aged 35 years or more who came from a cohort consisting three communities from Tiantan Hospital, Puren Hospital and the Gymnasium Road Hospital in Beijing, based on the surveys on the Integrated Community Intervention Measures of Cerebro-vascular Diseases. Some patients with hypertension in this cohort were followed up and under management. First-ever stroke was considered as the end-point event.

RESULTSIn both groups diagnosed as borderline hypertension or definite hypertension group, the rates of management and control showed an annual increase. The management rate for women was higher, but the control rate was lower (P < 0.05) than that for men. In the third year of this study, the control rate was nearly 18%. With the qualification of control rate, the risk factors of overall stroke, ischemic stroke or hemorrhagic stroke reduced gradually, and the qualification of control rate showed more effects on hemorrhagic stroke. The qualification of control rate in the three years could cause the risk factors of total stroke, ischemic stroke or hemorrhagic stroke to reduce by 25.7%, 19.1%, 27.4%, respectively. When comparing with blood pressure level at < 160/95 mm Hg (1 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa), the level of < 140/90 mm Hg could reduce the risk factors as: 12.3% to total stroke, 12.8% to ischemic stroke and 14.9% to hemorrhagic stroke.

CONCLUSIONPrograms as long-term followed-up and management for patients with hypertension, and control the blood pressure at low level etc. could significantly reduce the incidence of stroke.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; complications ; epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Stroke ; epidemiology ; etiology

In 2019, cardiovascular disease (CVD) accounted for 46.74% and 44.26% of all deaths in rural and urban areas, respectively. Two out of every five deaths were due to CVD. It is estimated that about 330 million patients suffer from CVD in China. The number of patients suffering from stroke, coronary heart disease, heart failure, pulmonary heart disease, atrial fibrillation, rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease, lower extremity artery disease and hypertension are 13.00 million, 11.39 million, 8.90 million, 5.00 million, 4.87 million, 2.50 million, 2.00 million, 45.30 million, and 245.00 million, respectively. Given that China is challenged by the dual pressures of population aging and steady rise in the prevalence of metabolic risk factors, the burden caused by CVD will continue to increase, which has set new requirements for CVD prevention and treatment and the allocation of medical resources in China. It is important to reduce the prevalence through primary prevention, increase the allocation of medical resources for CVD emergency and critical care, and provide rehabilitation services and secondary prevention to reduce the risk of recurrence, re-hospitalization and disability in CVD survivors. The number of people suffering from hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes in China has reached hundreds of millions. Since blood pressure, blood lipids, and blood glucose levels rise mostly insidiously, vascular disease or even serious events such as myocardial infarction and stroke often already occured at the time of detection in this population. Hence, more strategies and tasks should be taken to prevent risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, obesity, and smoking, and more efforts should be made in the assessment of cardiovascular health status and the prevention, treatment, and research of early pathological changes.
Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology* ; China/epidemiology* ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Dyslipidemias ; Humans ; Hypertension/epidemiology* ; Myocardial Infarction ; Risk Factors ; Stroke/epidemiology*