Major and profound changes have taken place in China over the past 30 years. Rapid socioeconomic progress has exerted a great impact on lifestyle, ranging from food, clothing, working and living conditions, and means of transportation to leisure activities and entertainment. At the same time, new health problems have emerged, and health services are facing new challenges. Presently, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are among the top health problems of the Chinese people, and pose a serious challenge to all engaged in the prevention and control of these diseases. An epidemic of CVD in China is emerging as a result of lifestyle changes, urbanization and longevity. Both national policy decision-making and medical practice urgently need an authoritative report which comprehensively reflects the trends in the epidemic of CVD and current preventive measures. Since 2005, guided by the Bureau of Disease Prevention of the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China and the National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of China, nationwide experts in the fields of epidemiology, clinical medicine and health economics in the realms of CVD, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes and chronic kidney disease, completed the Report on Cardiovascular Diseases in China every year. The report aims to provide a timely review of the trend of the epidemic and to assess the progress of prevention and control of CVD. In addition, as the report is authoritative, representative and readable, it will become an information platform in the CVD field and an important reference book for government, academic institutes, medical organizations and clinical physicians. This publication is expected to play a positive role in the prevention and control of CVD in China. We present an abstract from the Report on Cardiovascular Diseases in China (2010), including trends in CVD, morbidity and mortality of major CVDs, up-to-date assessment of risk factors, as well as health resources for CVD, and a profile of medical expenditure, with the aim of providing evidence for decision-making in CVD prevention and control programs in China, and of delivering the most authoritative information on CVD prevention and control for all citizens.
Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; China ; epidemiology ; Coronary Disease ; epidemiology ; mortality ; prevention & control ; Diabetes Complications ; epidemiology ; Diet ; Dyslipidemias ; complications ; epidemiology ; Epidemics ; Heart Failure ; epidemiology ; mortality ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Hypertension ; complications ; epidemiology ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; epidemiology ; mortality ; prevention & control ; Metabolic Syndrome ; Motor Activity ; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Overweight ; complications ; epidemiology ; Peripheral Arterial Disease ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Risk Factors ; Smoking ; adverse effects ; Stroke ; epidemiology ; mortality ; prevention & control

Adult ; Aged ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; epidemiology ; mortality ; prevention & control ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; complications ; prevention & control ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; Stroke ; epidemiology ; mortality ; prevention & control

A noncommunicable disease (NCD) is a medical condition or disease that is by definition non-infectious and non-transmissible among people. Currently, NCDs are the leading causes of death and disease burden worldwide. The four main types of NCDs, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, and diabetes, result in more than 30 million deaths annually. To reduce the burden of NCDs on global health, current public health actions stress the importance of preventing, detecting, and correcting modifiable risk factors; controlling major modifiable risk factors has been shown to effectively reduce NCD mortality. The World Health Organization's World Health Report 2002 identified tobacco use, alcohol consumption, overweight, physical inactivity, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol as the most important risk factors for NCDs. Accordingly, the present report set out to review the prevalence and trends of these modifiable risk factors in the Korean population. Over the past few decades, we observed significant risk factor modifications of improved blood pressure control and decreased smoking rate. However, hypertension and cigarette smoking remained the most contributable factors of NCDs in the Korean population. Moreover, other major modifiable risk factors show no improvement or even worsened. The current status and trends in major modifiable risk factors reinforce the importance of prevention, detection, and treatment of risk factors in reducing the burden of NCDs on individuals and society.
Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Chronic Disease/epidemiology/*prevention & control ; Female ; Humans ; Hypercholesterolemia/complications/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Hypertension/complications/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Male ; Overweight/complications/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Prevalence ; *Public Health Practice ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Sedentary Lifestyle ; Smoking/adverse effects/epidemiology/prevention & control ; World Health Organization

Adult ; Aged ; Arteriosclerosis ; prevention & control ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; therapy ; China ; epidemiology ; Exercise ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; complications ; prevention & control ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; Risk Reduction Behavior ; Stroke ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; therapy

OBJECTIVETo discuss the effects of criteria in controlling the risk factors on secondary prevention of brain vessel disease.

METHODSAmong 631 cases who had been examined at our hospital on brain vessel disease for longer than 1 year, 123 cases were chosen as treatment group which received criterion therapy to control their risk factors while the rest cases were under antitheses group. The two groups were compared on the 1 year recrudesce rate thereafter.

RESULTSThe 1 year recrudesce rate of the treatment group showed better than the antitheses group (P = 0.005 < 0.05), as the benefit mostly from the control of risk factors, such as blood pressure (P = 0.005), blood sugar (P = 0.038). There was active effect of criterion therapy in controlling the risk factors.

CONCLUSIONThere was active effect of criterion therapy in controlling the risk factors as high blood pressure, high blood sugar and high blood fat etc. Healthy life style would help the recurrence of brain vessel disease, which should be highlighted in the secondary prevention of brain vessel disease.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Blood Glucose ; Brain Diseases ; epidemiology ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Brain Ischemia ; epidemiology ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Diabetes Complications ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; complications ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; Secondary Prevention ; methods

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the community-based intervention on reduction of hypertension and stroke in different age groups and subtypes hypertension.

METHODSIn 6 cities, 2 geographically separated communities with a registered population about 10 000 of each were selected as either intervention or control communities. A cohort containing 2 700 subjects, 35 years or older, and free of stroke were sampled from each community. The baseline survey was conducted to screen the subjects for intervention. In each city, a program for control of hypertension, heart diseases and diabetes was initiated in the intervention cohort and health education was provided to the whole intervention community. A follow-up survey was conducted 3 years later.

RESULTSWithin 3 years, the prevalence of hypertension increased in both intervention and control cohorts, as well as in the middle and elderly cohorts, especially in the middle aged in control group. Among hypertensives in the intervention cohort, the rates of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension got improved. The incidence of stroke was 29% lower (HR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.58 - 0.87) and mortality of stroke was 40% lower (HR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.42 - 0.86) in the intervention cohort than the control cohort. The intervention was most effective in reduction of stroke for those with isolated systolic hypertension and combined systolic and diastolic hypertension (All P < 0.05). Meanwhile, all-cause mortality was 11% lower (HR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.78 - 0.99) in the intervention cohort than in the control cohort.

CONCLUSIONThe community-based intervention was effective in controlling the development of hypertension and stroke, while the elderly people benefit more than the middle aged people from the intervention.

China ; epidemiology ; Cohort Studies ; Community Health Services ; organization & administration ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Hypertension ; complications ; prevention & control ; Incidence ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; Stroke ; epidemiology ; mortality ; prevention & control ; Urban Health

INTRODUCTIONThe aim of this study was to compare the occurrence of diabetic retinopathy in targeted screening diabetic patients (Group I) with newly diagnosed diabetic patients in general practice (Group II).

MATERIALS AND METHODSThis was an observational cross-sectional study. Data were obtained from 25,313 subjects who participated in the diabetic screening camps, and 128 newly diagnosed diabetes who presented to the diabetic retinopathy screening camps in general practice in rural and urban south India. The study variables were collected from all patients who underwent eye examination from the target screening detected diabetics [(n = 173) Group I] and those newly diagnosed in general practice [(n = 128) Group II]. The variations in prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy in Group I and Group II and the factors affecting it were identified.

RESULTSThe occurrence of diabetic retinopathy was 6.35% (95% CI, 2.5-9.5) in Group I and 11.71% (95% CI, 5.6-16.4) in Group II. No significant difference was observed on occurrence of diabetic retinopathy, including sightthreatening retinopathy, in rural versus urban population and in Group I versus Group II. Patients diagnosed in general practice (Group II) with systolic blood pressure (BP) >140 were more likely to have retinopathy (P = 0.02).

CONCLUSIONSDiabetic retinopathy including sightthreatening complications was found at the time of diagnosis of diabetes in the targeted screening group as well as in newly diagnosed diabetics in the general practice group.

Adult ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; complications ; Diabetic Retinopathy ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Family Practice ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; complications ; India ; epidemiology ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Rural Population ; Urban Population

Esophageal and Gastric Varices ; complications ; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage ; etiology ; surgery ; Hepatic Encephalopathy ; epidemiology ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Hepatorenal Syndrome ; etiology ; surgery ; Humans ; Hypertension, Portal ; complications ; surgery ; Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic ; adverse effects ; methods ; Postoperative Complications ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to identify and assess the factors related to the awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension based on jurisdictional areas of primary health care posts in a rural community of Korea. METHODS: This study was performed on 4598 adults aged over 30 years in a rural community and we measured their blood pressure (BP) from October. 2007 to August. 2009. Hypertension is defined as a condition characterized by a systolic BP > or =140 mmHg, a diastolic BP > or =90 mmHg or reported treatment with antihypertensive medications. We analyzed the factors related with the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension using chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension was 34.7%. The age-adjusted rates of hypertension awareness, treatment and control were 50.6%, 93.9% and 64.1%, respectively. Awareness of hypertension was related with increasing age. Higher awareness was found among men who were felt more stress, were obese and had hypercholesterolemia, and among women who were regulary taking medicine for hypertension, were obese and had diabetes mellitus. In women, the hypertension treatment was related a Medical aid and education for hypertension management. Controlled hypertension was more common among men who were educated about the management of hypertension and among women who had hypercholesterolemia. CONCLUSIONS: The awareness of hypertension was low and the control of hypertension was high compared with the nationwide data (KNHANES 2005). The results suggest that understanding the characteristics of hypertension in a community is important to perform a community based hypertension control program.
Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Ambulatory Care Facilities ; Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use ; Blood Pressure ; Diabetes Complications ; Female ; Humans ; Hypercholesterolemia/complications ; Hypertension/drug therapy/epidemiology/*prevention & control ; Interviews as Topic ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Obesity/complications ; Republic of Korea ; Risk Factors ; Rural Population ; Sex Factors ; Stress, Psychological/complications

OBJECTIVESTo investigate the influencing factors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

METHODSA hospital-based case-control study was conducted in patients with NAFLD and controls without NAFLD in a hospital from January to August in 2007. All data were analyzed by SPSS 13.0 software.

RESULTSOne-way analysis of variance found that the two groups were significantly different in cigarette smoking, alcohol and tea comsumption, movement index, speed of food intake, frequency of social engagement, kinds of edible oil, marine products, family history of NAFLD, hypertension, higher blood sugar, abnormality of blood fat, higher level of ALT, higher level of AST, hyperuricemia, obesity, decrease of high density lipoprotein (HDL), and increase of low density lipoprotein. By non-conditional logistic stepwise regression analysis, 12 of 18 factors were used to construct a model, ten of which were the risk factors and two were protective factors of NAFLD. Risk factors included obesity (OR=6.35), hypertension(OR=3.82), dyslipidemia (OR=2.95), decrease of HDL (OR=2.85), hyperglycemia (OR=2.82), increase of ALT (OR=2.80), hyperuricemia (OR=2.35), HBsAg positive (OR=1.99), family history of fatty liver (OR=1.79) and frequently intake of marine products (OR=1.58), and protective factors included tea drinking (OR=0.72) and exercise (OR=0.90).

CONCLUSIONSThere are many influencing factors of NAFLD, and life styles are the key factors. Genetic background may also play some roles in NAFLD.

Adult ; Aged ; Alcohol Drinking ; adverse effects ; Case-Control Studies ; Cholesterol ; blood ; Fatty Liver ; blood ; epidemiology ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Hepatitis B ; complications ; Humans ; Hypertension ; complications ; Life Style ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Obesity ; complications ; Odds Ratio ; Regression Analysis ; Risk Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult