No abstract available.
Allergy and Immunology* ; Asthma* ; Hypersensitivity*

Allergy and Immunology ; Ethnic Groups ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; immunology

Allergens ; immunology ; Child ; Cross Reactions ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; immunology ; Latex Hypersensitivity ; immunology

Chitin, the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature after cellulose, consist exoskeleton of lower organisms such as fungi, crustaceans and insects except mammals. Recently, several studies evaluated immunologic effects of chitin in vivo and in vitro and revealed new aspects of chitin regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. It has been shown that exogenous chitin activates macrophages and other innate immune cells and also modulates adaptive type 2 allergic inflammation. These studies further demonstrate that chitin stimulate macrophages by interacting with different cell surface receptors such as macrophage mannose receptor, toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2), C-type lectin receptor Dectin-1, and leukotriene B4 recepptor (BLT1). On the other hand, a number of chitinase or chitinase-like proteins (C/CLP) are ubiquitously expressed in the airways and intestinal tracts from insects to mammals. In general, these chitinase family proteins confer protective functions to the host against exogenous chitin-containing pathogens. However, substantial body of recent studies also set light on new roles of C/CLP in the development and progression of allergic inflammation and tissue remodeling. In this review, recent findings on the role of chitin and C/CLP in allergic inflammation and tissue remodeling will be highlighted and controversial and unsolved issues in this field of studies will be discussed.
Animals ; Chitin/*immunology ; Chitinase/*immunology ; Glycoproteins/*immunology ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity/*immunology ; Inflammation/*immunology

Basophils ; immunology ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; blood ; diagnosis

The discovery of immunoglobulin E (IgE) was a breakthrough in the field of Allergy and Immunology. Our understanding of mechanisms of allergic reactions and the role of IgE in these disorders has paralleled to the discovery of treatment modalities for patients with allergy. Apart from allergic diseases, IgE is involved in pathogenesis of other disorders. Much controversy exists about the control of total IgE (tIgE) levels and allergen-specific IgE (sIgE) profiles in allergic individuals. This review aims at giving a comprehensive overview of IgE molecule and discussing the issues related to its importance in clinical setting.
Allergy and Immunology ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Immunoglobulin E ; Immunoglobulins

Food allergies, as a type of adverse immune-mediated reactions to ingested food proteins, have become a serious public health issue that harms children and adults health, with increasing incidence year by year. However, without effective therapy for food allergies, doctors-have mostly advised to avoid allergens and provided symptomatic treatment. According to the findings of many studies, allergic diseases are correlated with intestinal barrier function injury, as evidenced by the significant increase in the intestinal permeability among patients with food allergies. In this paper, recent studies on correlations between food allergies and intestinal barrier functions, intestinal barrier function injury mechanisms of allergic foods and food allergy intervention strategies based on intestinal barrier functions were summarized to provide reference for laboratory researches and clinical treatment of food allergic diseases.
Animals ; Food Hypersensitivity ; immunology ; therapy ; Humans ; Intestines ; immunology

Asthma ; immunology ; Congresses as Topic ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; immunology ; United States

Congresses as Topic ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity, Immediate ; immunology ; Rhinitis ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo study the effects of hemorrhage combined with closed fracture on delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses in mice and to explore the relevant mechanisms.

METHODSDTH responses were induced with 2, 4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene (DNFB) or fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) skin painting after injury, and single cell suspensions from pooled inguinal lymph nodes were analyzed by flow cytometry for FITC+ cells and dendritic cells (DC). The ability of cells from pooled inguinal lymph nodes was tested 24 hours after skin painting with DNFB in transferring sensitization for DTH to DNFB.

RESULTSThe DTH responses after injury decreased significantly compared with that of sham-injured mice (P<0.01). Flow cytometry showed that FITC+ cells, FITC+/CD11c+ cells, and FITC+/CD11c+ / major histocompatibility complex II+ cells were all significantly decreased after trauma (P<0.01). The ability of cells to transfer sensitization for DTH to DNFB also declined (P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONHemorrhage combined with closed fracture decreases the DTH responses in mice, which may be attributed to the reduced antigen-presenting capacity of DC in the injured mice.

Animals ; Dendritic Cells ; immunology ; Fractures, Closed ; complications ; immunology ; Hemorrhage ; complications ; immunology ; Hypersensitivity, Delayed ; immunology ; Mice