The diagnosis of existence of conjunctivitis with its cardinal symptoms of hyperemia and disch arge is easy, but the differential diagnosis of the types of inflanimation frequently presents problems of considerable difficulty. Their solution depends on a careful and systemic clinical survey, reinforced by bacteriological and cytological investigation. So, the diagnosis of conjunctivitis is based on the followings: 1. History and clinical examination. 2. Gram and Wright gtains of conjunctival discharge and scrapings. 3. Culture of conjunctival discharge and scrapings. 4. Biopsy of the conjunctiva.
Biopsy ; Conjunctiva ; Conjunctivitis* ; Diagnosis* ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Hyperemia

PURPOSE: To determine the factors that are related to local recurrence after Radiofrequency thermal ablation (RFTA) of hepatic tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We selected 30 patients with 51 hepatic nodules less than 5 cm in diameter (HCC, n=33; metastasis, n=18) who underwent RF thermal ablation between May 1999 and April 2000. Ablation was defined as 'complete'if immediately post-procedual CT showed that a nodule's margin was completely covered by ablation. Every three months, follow-up CT scans were examined for signs of local recurrence, and a nodule was assessed in terms of its size, the histologic diagnosis, adjacent vessels, perfect ablation (a safety margin of more than 5mm beyond the tumor margin), and whether hyperemia was observed after ablation. Finally, a group in which there was local recurrence (group A, n=15) and another showing no recurrence (group B, n=36) were compared. RESULTS: Mean nodule size in group A and group B was 3.26 and 2.24 cm, respectively. Local recurrence was noted in 7 of 33 HCC nodules (21.2%), and in 8 of 18 (44.4%) which were metastatic. There was recurrence in 9 of 31 nodules with adjacent vessels (29.0%), and in 6 of 20 (30%) without adjacent vessels. In two of 17 perfectly ablated nodules (11.8%) there was local recurrence, but this was observed in 13 of 34 imperfectly ablated nodules (38.2%). Finally, local recurrence was seen in 14 of 36 nodules showing hyperemia (38.9%) but in one of 15 (6.7%) without hyperemia. Using chi-square analysis, it was thus shown that with regard to local recurrence, tumor size, perfect ablation and peritumoral hyperemia were statistically significant factors (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Local recurrence after RF thermal ablation of hepatic tumors clearly increases in nodules which are larger. The degree to which ablation is perfect, and the presence of peritumoral hyperemia, may be factors related to the local recurrence observed after RFTA.
Diagnosis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hyperemia ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Recurrence* ; Tomography, Spiral Computed* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

PURPOSE: In the present study, the effectiveness of topical chemotherapy for the primary treatment of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) was evaluated. METHODS: We enrolled 10 patients (10 eyes) diagnosed with OSSN who received both clinical examination and anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) imaging. The patients were administered topical 0.02% mitomycin-C (MMC) 4 times/day in the affected eye. The patients with MMC-resistant OSSN received topical 1% 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) 4 times/day. AS-OCT imaging was performed before and after the treatment. Clinical examination and AS-OCT were used to monitor the efficacy of topical chemotherapy, recurrence and side effects. RESULTS: The mean age of the 10 patients (8 males, 2 females) was 76.7 years. The proportion of complete remission resulting from topical treatment with MMC was 80.0% (8 eyes) and 20.0% (2 eyes) when 5-FU was changed to MMC. The average duration of complete remission was 4.3 weeks and the average duration of no recurrence was 17.5 months. The epithelial thickness of the lesions, measured using AS-OCT, significantly decreased from 315.0 µm (pretreatment) to 105.3 µm (after complete remission). Additionally, the epithelial lesion appeared normal after treatment. The most common side effect was conjunctival hyperemia (60.0%, 6 eyes), followed by ocular allergy (30.0%, 3 eyes), superficial punctate keratitis (30.0%, 3 eyes) and corneal erosion (20%, 2 eyes). No serious complications were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Topical chemotherapy is as effective and well tolerated as a primary treatment for OSSN. Additionally, AS-OCT is a useful noninvasive adjunctive tool in the diagnosis and management of OSSN.
Diagnosis ; Drug Therapy* ; Fluorouracil ; Humans ; Hyperemia ; Hypersensitivity ; Keratitis ; Male ; Mitomycin ; Recurrence ; Tomography, Optical Coherence

PURPOSE: This study is to report presurgical magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) findings of the temporomandibular joint which had perforation in the disc or its surrounding tissues and to improve its diagnostic rate using MRI. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The sample consisted of patients who visited the TMJ clinic at Yongdong Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, during the years, 1992 and 1997. They were diagnosed as TMJ internal derangement and received surgical treatment. We divided them into two groups. The first group comprised of 85 joints with perforated disc or its surrounding tissues and which were confirmed surgically. The second group of 62 joints which only had disc displacement without perforation, hyperemia or adhesion served as control. RESULTS: The preoperative diagnostic sensitivity of TMJ perforation using MRI was 74.1%. The MRI findings for diagnosis of the TMJ perforation were degenerative change of the condyle head or the articular fossa, bone to bone contact between the condyle head and the articular eminence or the articular fossa, bony spurring or osteophytosis of the condyle head, flattening of articular surface of the condyle head or the articular eminence, discontinuity of the disc and the arthrographic effect due to joint effusion. CONCLUSION: The preoperative diagnostic sensitivity of TMJ perforation using MRI in this study was 74.1% which was lower than the diagnostic rate using the arthrogram. Further investigations are needed to improve the diagnostic accuracy of TMJ perforation using MRI.
Diagnosis* ; Head ; Humans ; Hyperemia ; Joints ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Temporomandibular Joint Disc* ; Temporomandibular Joint*

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Hyperplastic polyps are the most common type of gastric polyps that constitute 30~93% of all benign epithelial gastric polyps. The overall prevalence of dysplasia in patients with hyperplastic polyps is believed to be <2%, and higher in patients with large polyps (>2 cm). We aimed to identify the clinical features of hyperplastic polyps that undergo neoplastic transformation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between March 2011 and June 2013, 315 hyperplastic polyps that were removed by endoscopic polypectomy from 217 patients were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Neoplastic transformations were found in 5 cases (1.6%), including 3 cases of adenoma (1.0%) and 2 cases of adenocarcinoma (0.6%). Polypectomy-associated complications were noted in only 2 cases (0.6%), which were bleeding in both cases. Neoplastic transformation was significantly associated with the absence of hyperemia on endoscopy (non-neoplastic transformation group, n=26 [8.4%] vs. neoplastic transformation group, n=3 [60%]; P=0.006). However, no other significant differences was found between these groups in terms of age, sex, presence of Helicobacter pylori, size, location, number of detected polyps in each patient, and endoscopic appearances such as nodular changes or erosions and shape. CONCLUSIONS: No clinical factors were associated with the neoplastic transformation of hyperplastic polyps. In addition, neoplastic transformations were almost impossible to identify using endoscopy. Therefore, endoscopic polypectomy could be considered for the accurate diagnosis and definitive treatment of gastric hyperplastic polyps <1 cm in size.
Adenocarcinoma ; Adenoma ; Diagnosis ; Endoscopy ; Helicobacter pylori ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Hyperemia ; Polyps* ; Prevalence ; Retrospective Studies ; Stomach

A 44-year-old male was followed-up with esophagogastroduodenoscopy due to an esophageal submucosal tumor. On the lesser curvature of the gastric low body, a 0.5 cm sized round elevated lesion with hyperemia was noticed. Two pieces of biopsy were taken from this lesion for histopathologic examination. Histology showed Langerhans cell infiltration. Immunohistochemical staining was positive for CD1a antigen, which confirmed the diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. There was no evidence of other organ involvement. The lesions spontaneously disappeared 4 months later without any treatment. We report a very rare case of gastric Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
Adult ; Biopsy ; Diagnosis ; Endoscopy, Digestive System ; Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell* ; Humans ; Hyperemia ; Male ; Neoplasm Regression, Spontaneous ; Stomach

Meningioma is usually known to occur stuck to the dura mater, but extradural meningioma occurs rarely. Most of the extradural meningiomas are located in the head and neck and we report a case of the primary intraosseous meningioma in the orbit. A 50-year old woman presented with the left eye hyperemia and exophthalmos. Neuroimaging modalities showed hyperostosis at the left sphenoid and orbital wall. On microscopic view, spindle cells and psammoma bodies between the woven bones were observed. The origin of the intraosseous meningioma is explained with various potent possibilities and differential diagnosis thoroughly explored.
Diagnosis, Differential ; Dura Mater ; Exophthalmos ; Female ; Head ; Humans ; Hyperemia ; Hyperostosis ; Meningioma* ; Middle Aged ; Neck ; Neuroimaging ; Orbit

There has been no adequate diagnostic method for the diagnosis of intrascrotal lesions until recent days. Butafter the development of radionuclide testicular scan, early and relatively accurate diagnosis of the testicularlesions are possible. So the authors analyzed the 32 cases of patients who were examined by testicular scan andconfirmed by follow up study or operation, and the results are as follows; 1. These 32 cases consists of 13 casesod epididymitis, 7 cases of testicular torsion, 4 of cryptorchism, 2 of testicular tumor and etc. The over alldiagnostic accuracy is about 69%. 2. In epididymitis, the diagnostic accuracy is 85%(11/13) and the findings ofscan are increased perfusion in radionuclide angiogram and hot activity noted mainly in peripheral portion of thetesticle in static image. 3. In cases o testicular torsion, diagnostic accuracy is 86%(6/7). Acute torsion showsnormal perfusion in angiogram and round cold area instatic image. But in missed torsion, perfusion is increasedand round cold area wit surrounding hyperemia is noted in static image. Radionuclide testicular scan seems to benoninvasive, inexpensive, easily available and simple to perform with low gonadal radiation dose. So it can bevery useful as the first study in patients with acute testicular symptoms.
Cryptorchidism ; Diagnosis ; Epididymitis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gonads ; Humans ; Hyperemia ; Male ; Methods ; Perfusion ; Spermatic Cord Torsion

hyperemia, root fracture, root resorption, crestal bone loss, tooth tipping and anchorage loss were observed. But most complications were not clinically significant, and did not interfere postoperative orthodontic treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Based on this study, surgically assisted rapid tooth movement have no clinically significant complications, but adequate diagnosis, careful surgical management were required for avoiding these complications.]]>
Diagnosis ; Gingival Recession ; Humans ; Hyperemia ; Postoperative Complications ; Root Resorption ; Surgery, Oral ; Tooth Loss ; Tooth Movement ; Tooth

PURPOSE: We wished to evaluate the usefulness of helical CT for the diagnosis of strangulation of the dilated small bowels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The CT scans of 31 patients with small bowel obstruction from various causes were reviewed retrospectively. Thirteen of these patients were confirmed as small bowel strangulation by surgery and pathology. Fourteen patients underwent surgery, but they had no strangulation. Three patients were reduced by using a nasogastric tube and one infant with intussusception was reduced by air reduction. The following CT findings of strangulation were evaluated: reduced bowel wall enhancement by visual assessment and measuring the HU, ascites, thickening of bowel wall, abnormal mesenteric vessel location and whirlpool appearance, and mesenteric venous engorgement. For the precise evaluation of reduced bowel wall enhancement, the HUs were measured by 1 mm2 of ROI, and the differences of HUs between the well enhanced bowel and poorly enhanced bowel were compared. RESULTS: For the diagnosis of strangulation, measurement of HU of the bowel wall could improve the sensitivity from 69% to 100%. The specificity of both methods, by visual assessment and measurement of HU, was 94%. Ascites had a sensitivity of 69% and specificity of 44%. Thickening of bowel wall had a sensitivity of 38% and specificity of 78%. Abnormal mesenteric vessel location and whirlpool appearance had a sensitivity of 38% and specificity of 83%. Mesenteric venous engorgement had a sensitivity of 31% and specificity of 72%. CONCLUSION:Measurement of HU of the bowel wall after contrast enhancement can be a useful method in the differential diagnosis between the strangulated and non-strangulated bowels in patients with small bowel obstruction.
Ascites ; Diagnosis* ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Humans ; Hyperemia ; Infant ; Intussusception ; Pathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Tomography, Spiral Computed* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed