Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is the severe form of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy, which can extremely lead to dehydration, significant weight loss, electrolyte and metabolic imbalances. Importantly, early identification of HG symptoms can help to reduce the severity and prevent complications. Although HG is associated with many adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, there is limited understanding about the risk factors. This review provides current data of genetic and maternal factors that are linked to HG. All observational studies published in English that investigated the genetic or maternal factors associated with HG from 2011 until 2021 were systematically searched using PubMed, Scopus, and ProQuest electronic databases. A total of 1462 citation titles was identified, of which 47 potentially relevant abstracts were screened. Of those, 15 studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The genetic variants in ryanodine receptor 2 gene (RYR2), growth differentiation factor-15 gene (GDF15), and protein coding insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP7) were found to be associated with HG. On the other hand, several potential maternal factors contributing to the onset of HG were age, Helicobacter pylori infection, body mass index status, a history of HG in a previous pregnancy, high serotonin levels, and reproductive factors. In view of the lack of strength of overall evidence for risk factors related to HG, it is first imperative to establish a precise definition for HG in a diverse study population. Nevertheless, to conclude, this review was able to provide current data of genetic and maternal factors that are associated with HG.
Hyperemesis Gravidarum

Traditionally, total parenteral nutrition(TPN) has been used when patients with hypaemesis gravidarum failed to respond to conservative management, but now many physicians attempt to enteral feeding via nasogastric tube because TPN is expensive and has many complications. Recently, we experienced 2 cases of hyperemesis gravidarum successfully managed by enteral feeding via nasogastric tube, therefore we think that this method may be carefully considered to the patients with hyperemesis gravidarum failed to respond to conservative management. So we report them with brief review of the literatures.
Enteral Nutrition* ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperemesis Gravidarum* ; Pregnancy

No abstract available.
Female ; Hyperemesis Gravidarum* ; Pregnancy ; Thyroid Gland*

No abstract available.
Female ; Hyperemesis Gravidarum* ; Hyperthyroidism* ; Pregnancy ; Wernicke Encephalopathy*

We have experienced two cases of Wernicke's encephalopathy associated with hypere-mesis gravidarum. Delay in it's diagnosis caused a protracted illness and persisting neurol-ogic deficits. Because of its association with chronic alcoholism, possibility of Wernicke's encephalopathy may not be considered in early stage of disease. The clinical feature, the principle of management and the prevention of Wernicke's encephalopathy are discussed.
Alcoholism ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Hyperemesis Gravidarum* ; Pregnancy ; Wernicke Encephalopathy*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of Nei-Guan(P6) acupressure on nausea and vomiting in pregnant women having hyperemesis gravidarum. METHOD: The research design was a randomized control-group pretest-posttest repeated measure design with counter balancing. For the experimental treatment, P6 acupressure was carried out for ten minutes. Data was collected from April 1. 2003 to April 30. 2004. The participants were 66 patients admitted with hyperemesis gravidarum. They were divided into three groups, a P6 acupressure group, placebo point group and a control group. RESULT: Hyperemesis gravidarum patients who received P6 acupressure during admission experienced much less nausea and vomiting than the placebo acupressure and control group(F=8.259, p=.001). CONCLUSION: Nei-Guan(P6) acupressure is considered an effective intervention for reducing nausea and vomiting in pregnant women having hyperemesis gravidarum. Further more Nei-Guan(P6) acupressure maybe used as an independent nursing intervention method for pregnant women with severe nausea and vomiting.
Pregnancy ; Hyperemesis Gravidarum/*therapy ; Humans ; Female ; Adult ; *Acupressure

No abstract available.
Female ; Hyperemesis Gravidarum* ; Hypokalemia* ; Myelinolysis, Central Pontine* ; Pregnancy

*Abortion, Habitual ; *Dysmenorrhea ; *Hyperemesis Gravidarum ; *Hypnosis ; *Infertility, Female ; *Therapeutics ; *Pregnancy

OBJECTIVETo search for the best method for treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum.

METHODSOne hundred and fifty cases of hyperemesis gravidarum were randomly divided into 3 groups, acup-moxibustion group, Chinese drug group and Western medicine group, 50 cases in each group. The acup-moxibustion group were treated with acupuncture at Zhongwan (CV 12), Neiguan (PC 6), Zusanli (ST 36) and Yinlingquan (SP 9), and after arrival of qi, mild warming moxibustion of 10-15 min was added; the Chinese drug group with oral administration of modified Suye Huanglian Decoction , and the Western medicine group with oral administration of phenobarbital and supplement of water and electrolyte.

RESULTSThe total effective rate was 86.0% in the acup-moxibustion group, 42.0% in the Chinese drug group and 38.0% in the Western medicine group with a significant difference among the 3 groups (P < 0.05), the therapeutic effect in the acup-moxibustion group being the best.

CONCLUSIONAcup-moxibustion is the best method for hyperemesis gravidarum.

Acupuncture Points ; Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperemesis Gravidarum ; therapy ; Injections ; Pregnancy ; Thiamine ; administration & dosage ; Young Adult