Objective: To analyze the status of excess heart age and its risk factors among Chinese residents aged 35 to 64 years. Methods: The study subjects were Chinese residents aged 35 to 64 years who completed the heart age assessment by WeChat official account "Heart Strengthening Action" through the internet from January 2018 to April 2021. Information such as age, gender, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, total cholesterol (TC), smoking history, and diabetes history was collected. The heart age and excess heart age were calculated according to the characteristics of individual cardiovascular risk factors and the heart aging was defined as excess heart age≥5 years and 10 years respectively. The heart age and standardization rate were calculated respectively based on the population standardization of the 7th census in 2021.CA trend test was used to analyze the changing trend of excess heart age rate and population attributable risk (PAR) was used to calculate the contribution of risk factors. Results: The mean age of 429 047 subjects was (49.25±8.66) years. The male accounted for 51.17% (219 558/429 047) and the excess heart age was 7.00 (0.00, 11.00) years. The excess heart age rate defined by excess heart age≥5 years and ≥10 years was 57.02% (the standardized rate was 56.83%) and 38.02% (the standardized rate was 37.88%) respectively. With the increase of the age and number of risk factors, the excess heart age rate of the two definitions showed an upward trend according to the result of the trend test analysis (P<0.001). The top two risk factors of the PAR for excess heart age were overweight or obese and smoking. Among them, the male was smoking and overweight or obese, while the female was overweight or obese and having hypercholesterolemia. Conclusion: The excess heart age rate is high in Chinese residents aged 35 to 64 years and the contribution of overweight or obese, smoking and having hypercholesterolemia ranks high.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; Overweight ; Hypercholesterolemia/epidemiology* ; Risk Factors ; Obesity/epidemiology* ; Body Mass Index ; China/epidemiology*

OBJECTIVETo analyze the serum total cholesterol level and the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and borderline high cholesterolemia among urban-resident adults in China from 2010 to 2012.

METHODSData were from Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2010-2012. Multi-stage stratified proportion to the population cluster random sampling method was conducted to determine 54 042 adult residents in 34 big cities and 41 small and medium-sized cities. Serum total cholesterol was measured by cholesterol oxidase method. Hypercholesterolemia and borderline high cholesterolemia were evaluated by Guidelines on Prevention and Treatment of Blood Lipid Abnormality in Chinese Adults 2007 edition. Standardized cholesterol level (x ± Sx) and prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and borderline high cholesterolemia were calculated through weighted complex sampling processing by population data released by the National Bureau of Statistics in 2009.

RESULTSThe mean level of urban-resident adults's erum total cholesterol was (4.58 ± 0.05)mmol/L, (4.58 ± 0.05)mmol/L for both male and female. The cholesterol concentration level in big cities and small and medium-sized cities were (4.66 ± 0.04)mmol/L and (4.57 ± 0.06) mmol/L, respectively. It increased with age gradually from the minimum level, which was (4.18 ± 0.05)mmol/L in aged 18 to 29 group, till reached the maximum, which was (4.94 ± 0.05)mmol/L in aged 60 to 69 group, and then it declined to (4.92 ± 0.06)mmol/L in aged 70 group. The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and borderline high cholesterolemia were 5.6%(95%CI:4.5%-6.6%) and 24.7%(95%CI:21.6%-27.9%) totally; 5.1% (95%CI:4.1%-6.1%) and 24.4% (95%CI:21.0%-27.6%) for male, 6.0% (95%CI:4.7%-7.3%) and 25.1%(95%CI:21.8%-28.4%) for female; 6.0%(95%CI: 5.0%-7.0%) and 27.7%(95%CI:24.9%-30.6%) in big cities, while 5.5%(95%CI: 4.2%-6.7%) and 24.2%(95%CI:20.5%-27.9%) in small and medium-sized cities. The minimum prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was in aged 18 to 29 group and maximum in aged 70 group, which were 2.2%(95%CI: 1.4%-3.0%) and 10.3%(95%CI: 7.1%-13.4%), respectively; while the lowest borderline high cholesterolemia prevalence was in aged 18 to 29 group and the highest in aged 60 to 69 year group, which were 12.9%(95%CI: 10.4%-15.4%) and 37.6% (95%CI: 33.6%-41.6%), respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe serum total cholesterol level and the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and borderline high cholesterolemia were high among urban adults in China from 2010 to 2012, and more attention should be paid for high serum total cholesterol level among older adults.

Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Cholesterol ; blood ; Cities ; Female ; Humans ; Hypercholesterolemia ; epidemiology ; Lipids ; blood ; Male ; Prevalence ; Urban Population

OBJECTIVETo describe the changes of serum total cholesterol (TC) and the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia from 1992 to 2007 in the general population from Chinese multi-provincial cohort study (CMCS).

METHODSCMCS database were established on participants aged 35-64 years from 11 provinces during the baseline examination on cardiovascular risk factors in 1992. Participants were followed up and invited to re-examine risk factors in 2007. Five thousand seven hundred and forty participants with complete data from these two examinations were included in this study for investigating the changes of serum TC level.

RESULTS(1) From 1992 to 2007, the mean level of TC increased from 4.65 mmol/L to 4.96 mmol/L for men, and from 4.40 mmol/L to 5.35 mmol/L for women. The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia increased from 5.1% (141/2 791) to 8.5% (237/2 791) in men, and from 4.9% (143/2 949) to 20.0% (590/2 949) in women. (2) Stratified by sex and age, the maximum increase in TC of 0.95 mmol/L was observed in women aged 35-44 years. Stratified by district, the maximum increase in TC of 0.88 mmol/L was observed in participants who had low baseline TC level living at rural area. Furthermore, baseline TC level was categorized into quintiles, the increases in TC level were highest in the lowest quintile both in men and women (0.93 mmol/L and 1.45 mmol/L, respectively). (3) Thirty-six point five percent (302/827) participants with hypercholesterolemia in 2007 developed from those with baseline TC 5.18-6.21 mmol/L, and 49.6% (410/827) developed from those with baseline TC < 5.18 mmol/L.

CONCLUSIONSFrom 1992 to 2007, the mean level of TC increased in both men and women. The greatest increases in TC were observed in the participants with the lowest quintile of baseline TC and those living in the rural area.

Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Cholesterol ; blood ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Hypercholesterolemia ; epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the abnormality and distribution of plasma cholesterol levels in single-center hospitalized children. METHODS: The blood lipid levels of children aged 2-18 years who had blood lipid test results in Peking University First Hospital from June 2016 to June 2019 were etrospectively analyzed. Cholesterol oxidase method was used for total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were detected by clearance method. The counting data were compared with chi-square test. RESULTS: The survey had involved 11 829 children (7 087 were boys and 4 742 were girls). 1 822 (15.4%) children were with elevated total cholesterol, 1 371 (11.6%) children with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and 2 798 (23.7%) children with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction. The total number of the children with abnormal cholesterol levels was 4 427 (37.4%). Among the 7 835 children who visited hospital due to the disease not commonly inducing dyslipidemia, 731 (9.3%) had elevated TC, 561 (7.2%) had elevated LDL-C, 1 886 (24.1%) had decreased HDL-C, and 2 576 (32.9%) had abnormal cholesterol levels. Among the children with different diseases, the difference in the incidence of abnormal cholesterol was statistically significant. The top three main groups of the children with increased total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were "dyslipidemia", "urinary tract disease", and "nutritional disease"; The top three main groups of the children with reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were "respiratory diseases", "dyslipidemia", "hematological diseases and malignant tumors". Among the 1 257 blood li-pid test results sent by other departments, 300 cases had abnormal cholesterol levels (23.8%). Among them, there were 70 children with hypercholesterolemia (5.6%), 44 children with increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (3.5%), and 224 children with reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (17.8%). There were 365 (4.6%) children with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥140 mg/dL (3.6 mmol/L) who needed to further exclude familiar hypercholesterolemia among the children who visited hospitals due to the disease not commonly inducing dyslipidemia. CONCLUSION Children in hospitals have a high incidence of cholesterol abnormalities. Doctors need to pay more attention to the cholesterol diagnosis and management regardless of the discipline, which not only helps to control secondary hypercholesterolemia, but also provides the possibility of detecting familial hypercholesterolemia in time.
Child ; Cholesterol ; Cholesterol, HDL ; Cholesterol, LDL ; Dyslipidemias/epidemiology* ; Female ; Humans ; Hypercholesterolemia/epidemiology* ; Incidence ; Lipids ; Male ; Triglycerides

OBJECTIVETo estimate the current prevalence, awareness and treatment status of hypercholesterolemia among inpatients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in China.

METHODSSixty-four hospitals across China, including 32 secondary hospitals and 32 tertiary hospitals were selected for baseline survey. Fifty inpatients diagnosed with ACS were recruited consecutively in each participated hospitals. Retrospective information for 2751 patients were collected, and the prevalence, awareness, and treatment status of hypercholesterolemia among the patients were analyzed.

RESULTS(1) Mean age of the patients was 65 +/- 11. Sixty-nine percent of the patients were males and 31.2% were females. Among them, 39.4% were diagnosed as ST-segment elevation MI, 8.8% as non-ST-segment elevation MI and 51.8% as unstable angina. Twenty-seven percent of them had previous ACS history. (2) Hypercholesterolemia was found in 19.6% ACS patients. Among 7 geographic districts (north China, east China, south China, middle China, northeast, northwest and southwest), the prevalence rate of hypercholesterolemia was highest (24.7%) in east China and lowest (10.0%) in middle China. Significant difference was observed among these areas. (3) Awareness rate of hypercholesterolemia was 12.2% among patients with hypercholesterolemia, with significant difference among various areas. Treatment rate was 66.7% among patients with known hypercholesterolemia, with the highest (83.3%) seen in south China and lowest (0%) in southwest area. (4) The prevalence, awareness rate and treatment rate of hypercholesterolemia were higher in recurrent ACS patients than in those without ACS history.

CONCLUSIONSNearly 20% ACS inpatients have hypercholesterolemia.It is essential to pay more attention on the treatment of hypercholesterolemia for the purpose of secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.

Acute Coronary Syndrome ; complications ; epidemiology ; Aged ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Hypercholesterolemia ; complications ; epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence

BACKGROUND: Elevated level of low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) is one of the major risk factors for the development of coronary heart disease. Direct LDL-C determination method by immunoseparation (DLDL-C) recently developed is claimed not to be influenced by food ingestion. We re-evaluated the effects of diet and storage conditions for this method. METHODS: Samples were collected from thirty-two medical college students before and after meal to study the effects of diet on this method. We compared the difference of LDL-C of filtered samples between refrigerated and frozen state. We also compared direct and indirect calculated measurements of LDL-C with ultracentrifugal beta-quantification (BQLDL-C) method. RESULTS: Morning 2-hour-postprandial specimen can be acceptable with no minimal significant bias, but afternoon 2-hour or 4-hour-postprandial specimen cannot be recommended due to significant negative bias (8.6-9.6%). Storage of filtered samples showed no significant difference between frozen and refrigerated state. Calculated LDL-C when triglyceride level is more than 400 mg/dL was not reliable due to large proportional and constant bias. In contrast, DLDL-C showed good accuracy comparing with BQLDL-C (y=0.909x+3.3, r=0.869, n=9, x=BQLDL-C, y=DLDL-C). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, morning two-hour postprandial specimens can be acceptable for DLDL-C, but afternoon postprandial specimens may not be recommended due to significant negative bias. DLDL-C seems to be reliable and useful especially for hypertriglyceridemic patients or follow-up cases of hypercholesterolemia with normal triglyceride or HDL-C levels.
Bias (Epidemiology) ; Cholesterol, LDL ; Coronary Disease ; Diet ; Eating* ; Fasting ; Humans ; Hypercholesterolemia ; Meals ; Risk Factors ; Triglycerides ; Ultracentrifugation

Cardiovascular Diseases ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Hypercholesterolemia ; prevention & control ; Hypertension ; prevention & control ; Life Style ; Male ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVETo understand the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, high blood low density lipoprotein cholesterol, low blood high density lipoprotein cholesterol and hypertriglyceridemia among Chinese adults in 2010.

METHODSLevels of triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and total cholesterol (TC) were determined in fasting serum for subjects who were selected by multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling in from 162 surveillance points of 31 provinces in 2010. Prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, high blood LDL-C, low blood HDL-C and hypertriglyceridemia of 97 409 subjects was analyzed.

RESULTSAfter the complex weighting, prevalence of hypercholesterolemia in Chinese adults was 3.3%, with 2.2%, 4.7% and 4.7% in the groups of 18 - 44, 45 - 59 and over 60 years old (P < 0.01), respectively, 3.4% and 3.2% in males and females (P > 0.05), respectively, 4.2% and 2.9% in urban and rural areas (P < 0.01), 4.2%, 2.4% and 3.1% in areas of east, central and west (P < 0.01). Prevalence of high blood LDL-C was 2.1%, with 1.3%, 3.0% and 3.6% in the groups of 18 - 44, 45 - 59 and over 60 years old (P < 0.01), respectively, 2.1% in both males and females (P > 0.05), 3.0% and 1.8% in urban and rural areas (P < 0.01), and 2.9%, 1.5% and 1.8% in areas of east, central and west (P < 0.01), respectively. Prevalence of low blood HDL-C was 44.8%, with 46.9%, 42.6% and 41.2% in the groups of 18 - 44, 45 - 59 and over 60 years old (P < 0.01), 50.6% and 38.9% in males and females (P < 0.01), respectively, 45.4% and 44.6% in urban and rural areas (P < 0.05), and 43.5%, 43.3% and 48.6% in areas of east, central and west (P < 0.01). Prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia was 11.3%, with 10.1%, 14.2% and 10.8% in the groups of 18 - 44, 45 - 59 and over 60 years old (P < 0.01), respectively, 13.8% and 8.6% in males and females (P < 0.01), respectively, 12.1% and 10.9% in urban and rural areas (P < 0.01), and 11.0%, 11.7% and 11.2% in areas of east, central and west (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONLow blood HDL-C and hypertriglyceridemia are two major types of dyslipidemia in Chinese adults.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Distribution ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; China ; epidemiology ; Dyslipidemias ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Hypercholesterolemia ; epidemiology ; Hypertriglyceridemia ; epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Sex Distribution ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the association of colorectal adenoma with metabolic syndrome (MS) and relevant parameters.

METHODSClinical data of 289 subjects who underwent screening colonoscopy in the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital from January 2014 to June 2015 were retrospectively analyzed, including 130 normal subjects (normal group) and 159 cases with colorectal adenoma confirmed by pathology(adenoma group). Levels of MS-associated parameters were compared between the two groups, and the association of metabolic diseases with colorectal adenoma was examined.

RESULTSThe gender, smoking and drinking habit, regular physical activity, family history of colorectal cancer, and consumption history of long-term non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were not significantly different between two groups (all P>0.05). As compared to normal group, adenoma group had higher body mass index (BMI) [(23.5±3.2) kg/m(2) vs. (22.7±2.8) kg/m(2), t=1.97, P=0.050], larger abdominal circumference [(83.4±10.3) cm vs. (79.6±13.8) cm, t=2.46, P=0.015], higher serum high-density lipoprotein level [(1.3±0.3) mmol/L vs. (1.2±0.3) mmol/L, t=2.03, P=0.044], and higher serum cholesterol [(5.4±1.0) mmol/L vs. (5.0±1.1) mmol/L, t=2.39, P=0.018]. No significant difference was demonstrated in comparing hip circumference and waist-hip ratio, as well as serum fasting glucose and triglyceride(all P>0.05). Higher incidence of colorectal adenoma was found in subjects with MS [69.8%(37/53) vs. 1.7%(122/236), P=0.017], overweight or obesity [65.1% (56/86) vs. 50.7%(103/203), P=0.025], hypertension [67.3%(37/55) vs. 52.1%(122/234), P=0.046] and hypercholesterolemia [66.7%(64/96) vs. 49.2%(95/193), P=0.005].

CONCLUSIONSMetabolic syndrome increased the risk of developing colorectal adenoma. The mechanism may be related to higher serum cholesterol and high density lipoprotein, which may lead to the elevated catabolism of serum cholesterol. Screening colonoscopy should be performed for patients diagnosed as metabolic syndrome, especially for those with central obesity and hypercholesterolemia, thus early diagnosis and treatment of colorectal adenoma may be available.

Adenoma ; epidemiology ; Blood Glucose ; chemistry ; Body Mass Index ; Case-Control Studies ; Colonoscopy ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Hypercholesterolemia ; epidemiology ; Hypertension ; epidemiology ; Mass Screening ; Metabolic Syndrome ; epidemiology ; Obesity ; epidemiology ; Overweight ; epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Triglycerides ; blood

Dyslipidemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in patients with diabetes, and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) is a better predictor of CVDs than low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in patients with diabetes. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the distribution of non-HDL-C and the prevalence of high non-HDL-C level in Chinese patients with diabetes mellitus and identify the associated risk factors. Non-HDL-C concentration positively correlated with total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-C concentrations. Although both non-HDL-C and LDL-C concentration both related positively with TC concentration, the magnitude of correlation was relatively higher for non-HDL-C. The prevalence of high non-HDL-C (⋝4.14 mmol/L) was higher in two age groups (55-64 years: 46.7%; 65-79 years: 47.3%) than other age groups (18-24 years: 4.2%; 25-34 years: 43.6%; 35-44 years: 38.1%; 45-54 years: 41.0%). It was also higher among overweight (45.1%), generally obese (50.9%), or abdominally obese (47.3%) subjects, compared with normal weight subjects (34.5%). The risk of high non-HDL-C increased with advancing age. Both general obesity [odds ratio (OR)=1.488, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.003-2.209] and abdominal obesity (OR=1.561, 95% CI: 1.101-2.214) were significantly associated with high non-HDL-C levels.
Adolescent ; Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Female ; Humans ; Hypercholesterolemia ; epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Young Adult