The advent of the global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) necessitates a thorough study of the stability and transmissibility in the environment. We characterized the stability of SARS-CoV-2 in three water matrices: fresh, tap, and seawater. The minimum infective dose of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cells was confirmed to be 10 3 PFU/mL. The stability of SARS-CoV-2 varied according to the water matrix: infective SARSCoV-2 was undetectable after treatment with fresh water and seawater, but remained detectable for 2 days in tap water, when starting with an initial concentration of 10 4 PFU/mL. When the starting concentration was increased to 10 5 PFU/mL, a similar trend was observed. In addition, viral RNA persisted longer than infectious virus in all water matrices. This study was conducted in stagnant water containing a significantly high titer of virus, thus, human-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through the actual aquatic environment is expected to be rare.

Small follicular cysts are common findings in the ovaries of prepubertal girls, and in most cases, they are of no clinical importance. Ocassionally these cysts may enlarge and continue to produce estrogen, resulting in signs of precocious sexual development and vaginal bleeding. We have experienced a case of a precocious pseudopuberty causing ovarian follicular cyst which was treated by exploratory laparotomy. we present this case with a brief review of literatures
Estrogens ; Female ; Follicular Cyst* ; Humans ; Laparotomy ; Ovary ; Sexual Development ; Uterine Hemorrhage

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the following null hypothesis: there are no differences in the morphology of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) structures in relation to vertical and sagittal cephalometric patterns. Methods: This retrospective study was performed with 131 participants showing no TMJ symptoms. The participants were divided into Class I, II, and III groups on the basis of their sagittal cephalometric relationships and into hyperdivergent, normodivergent, and hypodivergent groups on the basis of their vertical cephalometric relationships. The following measurements were performed using cone-beam computed tomography images and compared among the groups: condylar volume, condylar size (width, length, and height), fossa size (length and height), and condyle-to-fossa joint spaces at the anterior, superior, and posterior condylar poles. Results: The null hypothesis was rejected. The Class III group showed larger values for condylar width, condylar height, and fossa height than the Class II group (p < 0.05). Condylar volume and superior joint space in the hyperdivergent group were significantly smaller than those in the other two vertical groups (p < 0.001), whereas fossa length and height were significantly larger in the hyperdivergent group than in the other groups (p < 0.01). The hypodivergent group showed a greater condylar width than the hyperdivergent group (p < 0.01). The sagittal and vertical cephalometric patterns showed statistically significant interactions for fossa length and height. Conclusions TMJ morphology differed across diverse skeletal cephalometric patterns. The fossa length and height were affected by the interactions of the vertical and sagittal skeletal patterns.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the following null hypothesis: there are no differences in the morphology of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) structures in relation to vertical and sagittal cephalometric patterns. Methods: This retrospective study was performed with 131 participants showing no TMJ symptoms. The participants were divided into Class I, II, and III groups on the basis of their sagittal cephalometric relationships and into hyperdivergent, normodivergent, and hypodivergent groups on the basis of their vertical cephalometric relationships. The following measurements were performed using cone-beam computed tomography images and compared among the groups: condylar volume, condylar size (width, length, and height), fossa size (length and height), and condyle-to-fossa joint spaces at the anterior, superior, and posterior condylar poles. Results: The null hypothesis was rejected. The Class III group showed larger values for condylar width, condylar height, and fossa height than the Class II group (p < 0.05). Condylar volume and superior joint space in the hyperdivergent group were significantly smaller than those in the other two vertical groups (p < 0.001), whereas fossa length and height were significantly larger in the hyperdivergent group than in the other groups (p < 0.01). The hypodivergent group showed a greater condylar width than the hyperdivergent group (p < 0.01). The sagittal and vertical cephalometric patterns showed statistically significant interactions for fossa length and height. Conclusions TMJ morphology differed across diverse skeletal cephalometric patterns. The fossa length and height were affected by the interactions of the vertical and sagittal skeletal patterns.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study is to evaluate the effect of uterine artery embolization as primary treatment for symptomatic uterine fibroid METHODS: From December 1999 to December 2004, 25 patients underwent uterine artery embolization for the treatment of uterine fibroid. The patients were followed up at regular intervals (at 1st, 3rd, 6th month and annual) for 3 years. The mean duration of follow-up was about 41 month (range; 41+/-15). During follow-up period, consecutive uterine and fibroid volume, and symptoms were checked. RESULTS: The uterine volumes were significantly reduced by 27% (P=0.0238) after 3month. And the fibroid volumes were significantly reduced by 59% (P=0.0070) after 1month. The uterine volumes were significantly reduced by 27% (P=0.0082) after 3 years. And the fibroid volumes were significantly reduced by 60% (P=0.0445) after 3 years. All women reported noticeable improvement of menorrhagia after complete of follow up. But, two of nine women who had symptoms of dysmenorrhea or lower abdominal pain, showed no changes in symptoms CONCLUSION: Uterine artery embolization appears to be effective in controlling symptoms, and substantially reducing uterine and fibroid volume with few complication after 3 years. However, long term follow-up will be necessary to establish the efficacy of this procedure.
Abdominal Pain ; Dysmenorrhea ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Leiomyoma* ; Menorrhagia ; Uterine Artery Embolization* ; Uterine Artery*

BACKGROUND: Malassezia yeasts are normal skin flora of humans. But skin colonization appear to be controversial during neonate. OBJECTIVE: We prospectively studied the distribution of Malassezia yeasts on clinically normal skin of neonates and infants for providing the basic data for proving the relationship of Malassezia yeasts and pathogenesis of the diseases of neonates and infants. METHODS: A total of 200 subjects were studied using the direct smear test with 20% Parker ink/KOH solution. The numbers of the Malassezia yeasts per high power field were counted according to a bacterial index of lepra bacilli in patients of leprosy. In order to identify risk factors for the distribution of Malassezia yeasts, we compared sex, mode of delivery, gestational age, birthweight during the first week of life by statistical method of the logistic regression. RESULTS: Of the 200 neonates and infants under 12 weeks, 121 (60.5%) revealed Malassezia yeasts in at least a part of five examined sites. The prevalence of Malassezia yeasts was increased according to the age. No association was found between the incidence of Malassezia yeasts and sex, mode of delivery, gestational age, birth weight. CONCLUSION: We conclude that Malassezia yeasts colonize on the skin of neonates and infants.
Birth Weight ; Colon ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant* ; Infant, Newborn* ; Leprosy ; Logistic Models ; Malassezia* ; Prevalence ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Skin* ; Yeasts*

BACKGROUND: Pityrosporum yeast is a normal resident flora of the skin. Its hyphal form can be found on the lesions of pityriasis versicolor. Our previous studies showed that pathogenic pityrosporal hyphae coulc be found on a clinically normal scalp. We called it pityriasis versicolor of the scalp. This species may be involved in the pathogenesis of seborrheic dermatitis. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the incidence of pityrosporal hyphae on the scalp of patients with seborrheic dermatitis and normal persons, and compared the results between the two groups. METHODS: 202 patients with seborrheic dermatitis, 350 normal persons were studied. Scalp scrapings were stained with 20% Parker ink-KOH(P-KOH) solution. The number of pityrosporal hyphae per high power field(x 400) were counted according to a grading method(1+ to 3+). RESULTS: The incidence of pityriasis versicolor of the scalp was 28.7% in patients with seborrheic dermatitis, and 21.7% in normal persons. However the incidence of pityriasis versicolor of the scalp in seborrheic dermatitis in the age group of the second and sixth decades was two fold higher, 43.3%, 40.9%, respectively than in the normal control groups, from 9.5% to 25.0%. In the case of sex distribution, the incidence of pityriasis versicolor of the scalp in female patients of seborrheic dermatitis was two fold higher, 34.8%, than in the normal control, 18.8%. According to seasonal variation, the incidence was higher in spring(21.7%) and summer(34.3%) in the control group, and higher in spring, fall and summer, 31.2, 31.4 and 39.2%, respectively, in people with seborrheic dermatitis. CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that the incidence of pityriasis versicolor of the scalp in patients with seborrheic dermatitis and normal person is similar, There were, however some differences between them according to age, sex and season.
Dermatitis, Seborrheic* ; Female ; Humans ; Hyphae ; Incidence* ; Malassezia ; Pityriasis* ; Scalp* ; Seasons ; Sex Distribution ; Skin ; Tinea Versicolor* ; Yeasts

BACKGROUND: Pityrosporum yeast is a normal resident flora of the skin. Its hyphal form can be found on the lesions of pityriasis versicolor. Our previous studies showed that pathogenic pityrosporal hyphae coulc be found on a clinically normal scalp. We called it pityriasis versicolor of the scalp. This species may be involved in the pathogenesis of seborrheic dermatitis. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the incidence of pityrosporal hyphae on the scalp of patients with seborrheic dermatitis and normal persons, and compared the results between the two groups. METHODS: 202 patients with seborrheic dermatitis, 350 normal persons were studied. Scalp scrapings were stained with 20% Parker ink-KOH(P-KOH) solution. The number of pityrosporal hyphae per high power field(x 400) were counted according to a grading method(1+ to 3+). RESULTS: The incidence of pityriasis versicolor of the scalp was 28.7% in patients with seborrheic dermatitis, and 21.7% in normal persons. However the incidence of pityriasis versicolor of the scalp in seborrheic dermatitis in the age group of the second and sixth decades was two fold higher, 43.3%, 40.9%, respectively than in the normal control groups, from 9.5% to 25.0%. In the case of sex distribution, the incidence of pityriasis versicolor of the scalp in female patients of seborrheic dermatitis was two fold higher, 34.8%, than in the normal control, 18.8%. According to seasonal variation, the incidence was higher in spring(21.7%) and summer(34.3%) in the control group, and higher in spring, fall and summer, 31.2, 31.4 and 39.2%, respectively, in people with seborrheic dermatitis. CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that the incidence of pityriasis versicolor of the scalp in patients with seborrheic dermatitis and normal person is similar, There were, however some differences between them according to age, sex and season.
Dermatitis, Seborrheic* ; Female ; Humans ; Hyphae ; Incidence* ; Malassezia ; Pityriasis* ; Scalp* ; Seasons ; Sex Distribution ; Skin ; Tinea Versicolor* ; Yeasts