With the marked decrease in operative mortality in simple heart diseases there have been several reports on the minimally invasive and cosmetic techniques including submammary incision right parasternal approach right anterolateral thoracotomy partial sternotomy and subxiphoid approach. We report here subxiphoid approach without sternotomy for the repair of atrial septal defect as the procedure that has less invasive technique and more cosmetic effect.
Cosmetic Techniques ; Heart Diseases ; Heart Septal Defects, Atrial* ; Mortality ; Sternotomy ; Surgical Procedures, Minimally Invasive ; Thoracotomy

Aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva on mostly congenital disease that develops more frequently in Orientals, is very low in incidence. In most cases, aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva extends to intracardiac and results in ruptures into the right ventricle or atrium. The likelihood of extracardiac aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva is very low. Cases of extracardiac aneurysm are usually accompanied by aortic regurgitation and can cause right ventricle outflow tract obstruction, myocardial ischemia, and myocardial infarction due to compression by aneurysm. Since the aneurysm can rupture in the intrapericardium and cause cardiogenic shock or sudden death, definite diagnosis and management are important. If confirmed, it is preferable operform a surgical correction. We report here, with a literature review, a case where myocardial ischemia and aortic egurgitation caused by aneurysm developed in the left coronary and noncoronary sinus, and were surgically corrected with satisfactory esults.
Aneurysm* ; Aortic Valve Insufficiency ; Death, Sudden ; Diagnosis ; Heart Ventricles ; Incidence ; Myocardial Infarction ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Rupture ; Shock, Cardiogenic ; Sinus of Valsalva*

A total of 172 cases of MVR using the St. Jude Medical valve was conducted in the period from August 1986 to May 1996. The hospital mortality rate was 3.5% (n=6) and the late mortality rate was 3.3% (n=5). According to the follow-up of 161 surviving patients, the average length of survival was 50.23+/-0.27 months. Three cases of prosthetic valve related complication deaths were identified. Two cases could be ascribed to left atrial thrombi and resulting cerebral infarction, and one case was prosthetic valve endocarditis. Two cases were caused by hemorrhagic complications that we presume to have been accompanied by anti-coagulation therapy. The actuarial survival rate of all cases at 10 years was 92.3%. We conclude that good clinical results and a low complication rate could be achieved through mitral valve replacement with the St. Jude Medical valve. We also conclude that mid-term and long-term follow-ups were instrumental and necessary.
Cerebral Infarction ; Endocarditis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Heart Valve Prosthesis ; Hospital Mortality ; Humans ; Mitral Valve* ; Mortality ; Survival Rate

Traumatic bone cyst (TBC) occurs preferentially on the mandibular symphysis and body, but rarely on the mandibular condyle. When TBC occurs in the condylar area, it can usually be related with or misdiagnosed as a temporomandibular joint disorder. A 15-year-old female patient visited the Temporomandibular Joint Clinic with a 5-year history of pain and noise localized in the left temporomandibular joint. On imaging, a well demarked oval-shaped radiolucent lesion was observed on the left condyle head. The patient underwent cyst enucleation and repositioning of the bony window on the lateral cortex of the affected condyle head under the impression of subchondral cyst or TBC; however, no cystic membrane was found. The bone defect resolved and showed no recurrence on the serial radiographic postoperative follow-up for 43 months after surgery.
Adolescent ; Bone Cysts* ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies* ; Head ; Humans ; Mandibular Condyle* ; Membranes ; Noise ; Recurrence ; Temporomandibular Joint ; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders

BACKGROUND: As the internal mammary artery is far superior to the vein in the patency rate recently there has been a tendency to use the arterial graft as much as possible in coronary artery bypass grafts with the expectation of better the short- and long-term patency rate. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We sequentially grafted the diagonal and the left anterior descending artery significantly influencing the cardiac function with the internal mammary artery. There were 32 cases of sequential grafts from July 1993 to December 1998: 21 men and 11 women. The age range was from 43 to 69 years with a mean age of 56.64+/-6.41 years. There were 22 unstable angina 7 stable angina and 3 acute myocardial infarction. 8 cases of them were accompanied by stenosis of the left main coronary artery. The grafts for coronary artery bypass surgery included the great saphenous vein at 60 the right gastroepiploci artery at 5 and the left internal mammary artery at 64 coronary arteries. RESULT: One patient died from sepsis and multiorgan failure. Complications included wound infections in two cases and gastrointestinal bleeding in one patient. All patients showed decrease or disappearance of angina after operation. The postoperative coronary angiogram performed in 9 patients showed neither occlusion nor stenosis of the grafts. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that sequential anastomosis of the internal mammary artery to the diagonal and the left anterior descending artery may result in excellent short-term patency diagonal and the left anterior descending artery may result in excellent short-term patency rate and be useful for the coronary artery bypass graft using only arterial grafts.
Angina, Stable ; Angina, Unstable ; Arteries ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Coronary Artery Bypass* ; Coronary Vessels* ; Female ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Male ; Mammary Arteries* ; Myocardial Infarction ; Saphenous Vein ; Sepsis ; Transplants ; Veins ; Wound Infection

PURPOSE: Stomach cancer is the most prevalent malignancy in Korea. The survival rate in advanced stage disease has stayed in less than 50%. One of the possible explanation for dismal outcome of stomach cancer is various biologic behavior of cancer cells of heterogeneous clones. Introduction of flow cytometric analysis has provided objective information of cancer cell kinetics, and it could help us in deciding the appropriate adjuvant therapy. The prospective study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical implication of DNA ploidy and each proliferative fraction by DNA flowcytometry. The other aim of the study was to evaluate which one is the most valuable index for proliferative activity of cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and fifty-four patients who underwent gastric resection for primary stomach cancer were included in this study. Male to female ratio was 2.1: 1, and mean age was 58.2 years (range: 26-81). Resected cancer tissues were immediately transported to the flow cytometry laboratory, and analyses for DNA content and cell cycle distribution were carried out by FACScan. The results of flow cytometric analysis were studied in correlation with clinical and histologic parameters; depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, stage, Laurens classification, histologic types and grade. RESULTS: The frequency of aneuploid cancer was 40.3% (62 cases). The mean value of GO/Gl fraction was 75.9% and that of S-phase was 16.0%. Decrease of GO/Gl correlates with lymph node metastasis (p 0.015) and stage (p-0.046). Aneuploid cancer exhibited significant decrease of GO/Gl fraction. However, there was no significant conelation between decreased GO/Gl and depth of invasion, distant metastasis, Laurens classi- fication, differentiation of the cancer cells. Patients with metastasis to the lymph node or distant organs had increased S-phase fraction (p-0.032). High S-phase fraction also correlates with advanced stage (p-0.011) and ploidy of the oancer cells (p=0.001). When the ploidy of the tumor was analysed with clinical variables, aneuploid pattern was increased in cancer cells with intestinal type according to Laurens classificatian (p=0.042), Diploid cancer had significantly lower level of S-phase fraction than aneuploid cancer (p 0.001). CONCLUSION: Ploidy and growth fraction of the stomach cancer reflected the extent of disease in different aspects. However, there was no single parameter which reflected the extent of disease and degree of malignant potential. Furthermore, there is a possibility that S-phase & action alone is not an accurate parameter for the proliferative activity of stomach cancer cells. In conclusion, flow cytometric analyses is a valuable study providing us more precise information about biologic properties of cancer cells. However, further evaluation with longer follow-up period is imperative because the ultimate value as an prognostic factors can be estimated in respective of clinical outcomes.
Aneuploidy ; Cell Cycle ; Classification ; Clone Cells ; Diploidy ; DNA* ; Female ; Flow Cytometry* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Korea ; Lymph Nodes ; Male ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Ploidies ; Prospective Studies ; Stomach Neoplasms* ; Stomach* ; Survival Rate

In the average adult with a normal immune state, Epstein-Barr virus pneumonia is very rare, especially in the form of interstitial lung disease. According to recent studies, the Epstein-Barr virus is also associated with lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia, AIDS and Langerhans cell histiocytosis, but not with sarcoidosis. BOOP is caused by lung injury due to an infection or drug intoxication, and is related to connective tissue disease or bone marrow transplantation, but is sometimes idiopathic. We experienced a patient with symptoms and signs of interstitial lung disease, with confirmed BOOP and EBV ingection from an open lung biopsy and serologic examination, respectively Herein, this case is reported, with a review of the literature.
Adult ; Biopsy ; Bone Marrow Transplantation ; Bronchiolitis Obliterans* ; Bronchiolitis* ; Connective Tissue Diseases ; Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia* ; Herpesvirus 4, Human* ; Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell ; Humans ; Lung ; Lung Diseases, Interstitial ; Lung Injury ; Pneumonia ; Sarcoidosis

PURPOSE: In spite of preventive measures and excellent prognosis with immediate treatments, drowning and drowning- related injuries remain as one of the leading causes of accidental death in Korea. However, abundant statistical data for drowning has yet to be collected. Thus, this study aimed to describe the epidemiologic characteristics of drowning in terms of demographic characteristics, geopolitical factors and socio-economic status. METHODS: This study was conducted with drowning patients who either visited hospitals or died between January 2001 and December 2003. Of these patients, we enrolled individuals registered for such coverages as automobile insurance, national health service and work injury insurance and we reviewed death records reported to the Korea National Statistical office. NISS (New Injury Severity Scale) and EMR-ISS (the Excessive Mortality Ratio -adjusted Injury Severity Score) values were calculated for each patients and the results were classified 4-into four different severity groups. After analysis, we drew conclusions in terms of year, gender, age, region, insurance type, daily rate of incidences and severity. RESULTS: The incidences of drowning-related injury were 2,486 in 2001, 2,364 in 2002, and 2,595 in 2003 (average of 2,482). The average annual death were 1,954. Victims were more likely to be male and especially high incidence rates were found for two groups: (1) Children aged 5-9 years, (2) Adults aged 40 and older. Seoul and Gyeonggi had the largest total numbers of injury cases, while JeJu had the highest per capita incidence rate (106 per 1,000,000 population). The seasonal distribution of incidence rates showed that predictably, incidents were most frequent between the beginning of July and September. CONCLUSION: The average number of incidents was 55.73 per 1,000,000 population, which constitutes approximately 0.02% of all injuries. Based on this data, we recommand continuing studies and further evaluations in order to develop specific measures to combat drowning.
Adult ; Aged ; Automobiles ; Child ; Death Certificates ; Drowning ; Humans ; Incidence ; Insurance ; Korea ; Male ; National Health Programs ; Prognosis ; Seasons

Tuberous sclerosis (TS) is an autosomal dominant disorder that is characterized by cutaneous lesions, seizures, mental retardation and hamartomas in various organs including the skin, kidney and brain. Pulmonary involvement is extremely rare, and occurs in approximately 0.1 to 1% of TS cases. Recent reports have indicated multiple micronodular pneumocyte hyperplasia (MMPH) as another rare form of pulmonary involvement of tuberous sclerosis. We report a case of a 35 year-old-male patient who had no pulmonary symptoms but showed multinodular pulmonary shadows on his chest CT scan. The patient was finally diagnosed with TS with MMPH of the lung. MMPH does not appear to have any malignant potential but the clinical significance of MMPH in TS patients is unknown.(Tuberc Respir Dis 2008;64:369-373)
Brain ; Hamartoma ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Intellectual Disability ; Kidney ; Lung ; Pneumocytes ; Seizures ; Skin ; Thorax ; Tuberous Sclerosis

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is neuroinflammation characterized by uncontrolled infiltration of peripheral leukocytes into the central nervous system (CNS). We previously demonstrated exacerbation of JE following CD11c(hi) dendritic cell (DC) ablation in CD11c-DTR transgenic mice. Moreover, CD11c(hi) DC ablation led to abnormal differentiation of CD11b⁺Ly-6C(hi) monocytes and enhanced permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), resulting in promoting the progression of JE. Here, we examined changes in lymphoid and myeloid-derived leukocyte subpopulations associated with pro- and anti-inflammation during JE progression. The analyses of this study focused on regulatory CD4⁺Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells (Tregs), IL-17⁺CD4⁺ Th17 cells, and CD11b⁺Ly-6C(hi) and Ly-6C(lo) monocytes. CD11c(hi) DC ablation resulted in the accumulation of IL-17⁺CD4⁺ Th17 cells in the CNS, thereby leading to lower ratio of Tregs to Th17 cells. This result was corroborated by the higher expression levels of IL-17 and RORγT in CD4⁺ T cells from the brains of CD11c(hi) DC-ablated mice. In addition, CD11c(hi) DC-ablated mice showed higher frequency and total number of inflammatory CD11b⁺Ly-6C(hi) monocytes, whereas CD11b⁺Ly-6C(lo) monocytes were detected with lower frequency and total number in CD11c(hi) DC-ablated mice. Furthermore, CD11c(hi) DC ablation altered the phenotype and function of CD11b⁺Ly-6C(lo) monocytes, resulting in lower levels of activation marker and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10 and TGF-β) expression. Collectively, these results indicate that CD11c(hi) DC ablation caused an imbalance in CD4⁺ Th17/Treg cells and CD11b⁺Ly-6C(hi)/Ly-6C(lo) monocytes in the lymphoid tissue and CNS during JE progression. This imbalanced orchestration of pro- and anti-inflammatory leukocytes following CD11c(hi) DC ablation may contribute to the exacerbation of JE.
Animals ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group* ; Blood-Brain Barrier ; Brain ; Central Nervous System ; Dendritic Cells* ; Encephalitis, Japanese* ; Humans ; Interleukin-17 ; Leukocytes ; Lymphoid Tissue ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Monocytes* ; Permeability ; Phenotype ; T-Lymphocytes ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory ; Th17 Cells*