Secrum lipid and vitamin E levels were determined and smoking, alcohol drinking and exercise habits were asked in 357 healthy male subjects aged 49.4+/-6.7 years in Taegu. Average serum levels of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride(TG) were 189+/-43 mg/dl, 42+/-13 mg/dl and 136+/-73 mg/dl, respectively. Serum level of lipid peroxide measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS) of the subjects was 2.01+/-0.73MDA nmoles/ml and that of alpha-tocopherol was 9.53+/-3.14ug/ml. The correlation coefficients between alpha-tocopherol and serum lipids were 0.3631 for triglyceride, 0.2993 for cholesterol, and 0.3025 for total lipid. Heavy smokers who smoked more than 20 cigarettes a day had higher levels of TG and TBARS than those who smoke less. Alcohol drinkers had higher levels of TG and TBARS than nondrinkers. Vitamin E level(per ml serum)was significantly higher in the heavy smokers and drinkers, which was reflected by the higher level of serum lipid. When the level of alpha-tocopherol was expressed as alpha-tocopherol/triglyceride, it was negatively correlated with serum TBARS level and was lower in the heavy smokers than in the moderate smokers. It is concluded that vitamin E level as alpha-tocopherol/triglyceride would be better compared to alpha-tocopherol/total cholesterol or alpha-tocopherol/total lipid for the evaluation of vitamin E status in Korean men.
Alcohol Drinking ; alpha-Tocopherol ; Cholesterol ; Daegu ; Humans ; Male ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ; Tobacco Products ; Triglycerides ; Vitamin E* ; Vitamins*

Etiological classification of a syndrome is most warranted. However, it is very difficult in the case of dementia because many research activities are still being made about the cause of degenerative dementias. In the current paper, clinical aspects and pathological findings were also con-sidered in the etiological classification. Prevalence and annual incidence of dementia are 5-15% and 1.5-2.0% in the elderly over 65, respectively. Old age, female sex, genetic background, lower education, ethnicity or geographical difference, and head trauma seem to be risk factors for developing dementia. Urinary and fecal incontinece, extrapyramidal symptoms, primitive reflexes, psychotic symptoms, and cognitive decline seem to adversely affect on the mortality, while social class, age at onset, depressive symptoms, aggressive behavior, wandering, increased appetite, increased sexual behaviors, and early diagnosis do not.
Aged ; Appetite ; Classification* ; Craniocerebral Trauma ; Dementia* ; Depression ; Early Diagnosis ; Education ; Epidemiology* ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Mortality ; Prevalence ; Reflex ; Risk Factors ; Sexual Behavior ; Social Class ; Wandering Behavior

This study was aimed to implement and evaluate worksite nutrition counseling for industrial workers with hyperlipidemia in Kyung-buk area. Forty-six subjects consisted of 41 men and 5 women who were diagnosed hyperlipidemia though health examination had their average age, 40.3+/-.0 and half of them were office workers and one third labor workers. Twenty-eight subjects had fatty liver with or without other complications and six had gastric problems. The subjects were interviewed using questionnaires on food habit, food frequency, smoking, drinking and exercise, and they were given nutrition counseling which was continued for 7 months. Desirable food selections were practiced using foods or food models and various written materials individually or as group during lunch times and breaks. After counseling, smoking and drinking were reduced and exercise and food habits were improved. Average levels of initial serum total cholesterol(T-Chol), HDL-cholesterol(HDL-Chol) and triglyceride(TG) were 214+/-4, 45.07+/-.14 and 281+/-3mg/dl respectively and were not changed significantly except 2.30+/-.04mg/dl increase of HDL-Chol(p<0.1) after nutrition counseling. However, subjects who improved their food habits and smoking, drinking and exercise habits had higher tendency to have reduced serum T-Chol and TG levels compared with those who drank less. Food habit score was negatively correlated with serum TG levels(r=-0.378, p<0.01). It is concluded that an efficient and regular nutrition counseling by dietitian at worksite is beneficial for health of industrial workers.
Counseling* ; Drinking ; Fatty Liver ; Female ; Food Habits ; Food Preferences ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; Lunch ; Male ; Nutritionists ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Workplace*

The present study was conducted to evaluate nutrient intakes of industrial workers with hyperlipidemia and cholesterol-saturated fat indices(CSI) of their daily meals and various side dishes accompanied with alcohol. Thirty eight male subjects of 41.0+/-6.5 years whose average serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were 222.9+/-37.7 and 282.3+/-139.3mg/dl were interviewed on daily intakes of foods and drinking habits including types and amounts of side dishes using 24-hour recall and questionnaire methods. Average energy habits including twenty six non-drinkers and twelve drinkers were 2365+/-416 and 2822+/-417kcal, respectively but intakes of other nutrients were not very different between two groups. Carotene intakes was, however, low in drinkers. Intakes of saturated fat, cholesterol and CSI of subjects' daily meals were 15.4+/-5.4g, 229+/-114mg and 27.1+/-10.4 for non-drinkers and 18.7+/-7.8g, 238+/-69mg and 30.8+/-9.8 for drinkers. CSI of their daily meals varied from 10 to 60 without much differences in energy values and were positively correlated with serum cholesterol levels(r=0.2606, p<0.05). Average alcohol intakes obtained from subjects' drinking habit was 89.5+/-46.8g per day and major side dish was roasted beef giving 660+/-234kcal of energy and 24.3+/-8.0 of CSI. From the present study, it is concluded that industrial workers are more prone to have hyperlipidemic diets due to alcohol. To improve their diet and health, an appropriate nutrition education should be necessary and CSI of various Korean foods and meals can be used as handy self-control education tool.
Carotenoids ; Cholesterol ; Diet ; Drinking* ; Education ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; Male ; Meals ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Triglycerides

Venous air embolism(VAE) can occur by the entry of air into open veins, being facilitated if the operative field is above the level of the heart. Among the many diagnostic methods, precordial ultrasonic Doppler is currently the more sensitive. Thus we have attempted to define the incidence of VAE using this device. 103 ASA physical status 1 or 2 parturients undergoing Cesarean section with general anesthesia in 73 parturients and epidural anesthesia in 30 parturients were studied with the ultrasonic Doppler transducer placed parasternally over the 4th right intercostal space. Total incidence of venous emboli was 31%(32/103) during surgery. In some parturients, embolism occurred more than once during operation and leaded to total 45 episodes of venous emboli. The incidence of venous emboli was 26%(19/73 ) during general anesthesia and 43.3%(13/30 ) during epidural anesthesia. No statistical difference existed in the incidence of venous emboli detected related to the type of anesthesia. Among the 45 episodes of venous emboli, 19 episodes(42.2%) were detected during repair of the hysterotomy. As even small air bubbles in the circulation are potentially harmful especially in patent foramen ovale and emboli events may occur at risk cases involving profound hypovolemia, abruptio placenta, or placenta previa, clinically insignificant venous air emboli, although low, is still worrisome. Thus above the cases, the use of additional precordial Doppler monitoring may be considered during cesarean section to detect VAE promptly, efficiently.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, Epidural ; Anesthesia, General ; Cesarean Section* ; Embolism ; Embolism, Air* ; Female ; Foramen Ovale, Patent ; Heart ; Hypovolemia ; Hysterotomy ; Incidence* ; Placenta ; Placenta Previa ; Pregnancy ; Transducers ; Ultrasonics* ; Veins

Plasma carotenoid levels were compared among 64 healthy male subjects (control) and 38 patients of ischemic heart disease(IHD) and 20 ones of cerebral infarction(CI) all of whom were over 50years of age. Another 98 healthy male subjects aged 23 to 58 were selected to compare their plasma carotenoid levels by age groups, Levels of lutein, zeaxanthin and crpytoxanthin were lower in IHD(34+/-2, 13+/-1 and 62+/-7 microgram/dl)and CI(36+/-3, 12+/-2 and 41+/-6 microgram/dl)patient groups than in control group (84+/-5, 16+/-2 and 69+/-3 microgram/dl) while those of lycopene, alpha-and beta-carotene varied little among the three groups. The sum of the six carotenoid levels were levels were, therefore,highest(205+/-14 microgram/dl) in the control group followed by IHD(155+/-15 microgram/dl) and CI(128+/-17 microgram/dl) patient groups, Among the 98 healthy male subject for the age group study, levels of the three major carotenoids increased with age from the twenties to the fifities ; lutein, from 64+/-6 to 89+/-8 microgram/dl, cryptoxanthin, 57+/-8 to 73+/-4 microgram/dl and beta-carotene were more significantly correlated(r=0.30 to 0.61, p<0.01), whereas levels of lycopene and alpha-caroteme were significantly(r=0.21 - 0.23, p<0.05) correlated.
beta Carotene ; Cardiovascular Diseases* ; Carotenoids ; Cerebral Infarction ; Daegu* ; Heart ; Humans ; Lutein ; Male ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Plasma*

Subclavian venous catheterization is common technique for a variety of purposes, but this procedure is associated with complications that include damage to the lung, pleura, thoracic duct, nerve and subclavian artery. We recently encountered a case of the tracheal puncture and endotracheal cuff perforation during the subclavian catheterization in a 67-year-old female who was scheduled for tracheal reconstruction. Tidal volume was escaping from around the endotracheal tube during the subclavian catheterization, however, repeated inflation of the cuff failed to maintain the necessary cuff pressure to seal the trachea. After the operation, by using the fiberoptic bronchoscope and injecting dye into the cuff, we confirmed the site of tracheal puncture and endotracheal cuff perforation which caused by the introducer needle of the central venous kit. We suggest that tracheal puncture and endotracheal cuff perforation be added to the list of complication of subclavian catheterization. This complication should be suspected whenever the cuff pressure cannot be maintained during or after an subclavian catheterization.
Aged ; Bronchoscopes ; Catheterization* ; Catheters* ; Female ; Humans ; Inflation, Economic ; Lung ; Methods ; Needles ; Pleura ; Punctures* ; Subclavian Artery ; Subclavian Vein* ; Thoracic Duct ; Tidal Volume ; Trachea ; United Nations

This study was conducted to investigate beverage consumptions in relation to food intakes of Korean young people. One hundred thirty five college students(61 males and 74 females) living in Taegu, Kyung-buk and Taejon answered to questionnaires and recorded three day food intakes between May 20 and June 5, 1997. The preferred beverages were fruit juice, carbonated drink, dairy drink, sport beverage for male students, and fruit juice, dairy drink, sport beverage and carbonated drink for female students. Beverage taken most frequently was coffee for both. Frequent consumption of orange juice was associated with consumption of vegetables, meats, and fats and oils used for frying, and light cola seemed to be consumed with greasy dishes. Beverage consumption contributed to intakes of calcium and vitamin B2 more than other nutrients. 4.6% of total energy intake, 15.5% of calcium intake, 11.4% of vitamin B2 provided from beverages in female. Contributions of beverages to nutrient intakes were higher in female than in male students. Calcium intake was the lowest among nutrients for males, and intakes of iron and vitamin A were the lowest for females as compared to the recommended dietary allowances. Therefore it is necessary to guide college students to choose beverages for balanced intakes of necessary nutrients.
Beverages* ; Calcium ; Carbonated Beverages ; Citrus sinensis ; Coffee ; Cola ; Daegu ; Daejeon ; Energy Intake ; Fats ; Female ; Fruit ; Humans ; Iron ; Male ; Meat ; Oils ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Recommended Dietary Allowances ; Riboflavin ; Sports ; Vegetables ; Vitamin A

Astrocytes play important roles in normal brain development and the physiological processes. In particular, 30% of the brain volume consists of astrocytes, and they are the primary target cell in the brain for cellular injuries from chemical exposures. The present study attempts to establish an immortalized murine astrocyte cell line to study the mechanisms of chemical-induced carcinogenesis of astrocytes. Primary astrocytes isolated from mice were transfected with plasmid carrying the SV40 T antigen. Clonal cells obtained after G418 selection were continuously subcultured to establish an immortalized astrocyte cell line. The cell line was positive on GFAP expression and was sensitive to exposure to such chemicals as MNNG. Cells were treated with MNNG for 5 days, with doses ranging from 0.001ug/ml to 1ug/ml. Dose-dependent cellular transformations of astrocytes were observed. Treatments at 0.01ug/ml showed the most distinct characteristics of neoplastic transformation. Subsequent treatment with TPA produced higher levels of neoplastic cell transformation than MNNG treatment alone, as evidenced by increases of saturation density, soft-agar colony formation and cell aggregation. Promotional effects of TPA on cell transformation was further demonstrated by the shortening duration of foci appearance. Addition of hydrocortisone to the culture media resulted in further promotion of cell transformation in astrocytes treated with MNNG and TPA, suggesting that glucocortocoid also plays a role in the promotion of chemical-induced astrocyte transformation. The present study demonstrates that astrocytes are susceptible to chemical-induced carcinogenicity and subject to mechanisms of multistage carcinogenesis. Analysis of MNNG-transformed astrocytes showed that, while the expression of TGF-beta was decreased, expression of GFAP, IL-1betaand fibronectin were increased. The results suggest that these factors are associated with mechanisms of MNNG-induced astrocyte transformation and may be used as potential candidates for biomarkers representing astrocyte-related tumors and cell toxicities. The study showed scientific evidence that growth factors, cytokine and the extracellular matrix are involved in processes of chemical-induced transformation of astrocytes. In addition, the present work provided an excellent opportunity to develop an immortalized astrocyte cell line that can be used for studying mechanisms of astrocyte-related diseases.
Animals ; Antigens, Viral, Tumor ; Astrocytes* ; Biomarkers ; Brain ; Carcinogenesis* ; Cell Aggregation ; Cell Line ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Culture Media ; Extracellular Matrix ; Fibronectins ; Hydrocortisone ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Methylnitronitrosoguanidine ; Mice ; Physiological Processes ; Plasmids ; Transforming Growth Factor beta

BACKGROUND: Venous lidocaine retention with tourniquet has a possibility to prevent propofol injection pain efficiently. We performed the study to assess the efficacy of various intravenous lidocaine pretreatment methods with tourniquet on reducing propofol-induced injection pain, especially the effect of varying the concentration and dose of lidocaine. METHODS: In order to know the effect of lidocaine pretreatment with tourniquet on prevention of propofol-induced injection pain, one hundred patients were divided into four groups by the method of pretreatment; 1% lidocaine of 1 mg/kg (lidocaine pretreatment, LPT1 n = 25); 0.5% lidocaine of 1 mg/kg (LPT2, n = 25); 1% lidocaine of 0.5 mg/kg (LPT3, n = 25); 5 ml of saline pretreatment (saline pretreatment, SPT, n = 25). After 5 minutes of pretreatment, propofol-induced pain was measured immediately after injection of 1 mg/kg propofol with tourniquet inflation and after deflation of tourniquet, and after a second injection of 1 mg/kg propofol by use of the numerical rating scale and pain score of four categories. We selected maximal values of three times measurement for comparison. RESULTS: All groups of lidocaine pretreatment (pain incidence of LPT1; 20%, LPT2; 16% and LPT3; 36%, respectively) significantly reduced the incidence of propofol-induced injection pain compared to the saline pretreatment group (96%) (P <0.05). Lidocaine pretreatment groups had dramatically lower intensity of pain compared with saline pretreatment (P <0.05). However, there were no differences among the lidocaine pretreatment groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This result indicates that lidocaine pretreatment with tourniquet has an effect on the prevention of propofol-induced injection pain. However, we recommend pretreatment with 0.5 1% lidocaine of 1 mg/kg by use of tourniquet and propofol injection immediately after deflation of the tourniquet in practice.
Humans ; Incidence ; Inflation, Economic* ; Lidocaine* ; Propofol* ; Tourniquets*