Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the factors influencing the health status of first-year high school students leisure activity time, considering of the city size. Methods: This study utilized the first cohort survey of the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey.The analysis was used data from survey targeting first-year high school students of 2021. The city size was divided into large cities and medium and small-sized cities, and T-test was conducted to examine differences in factors by city size, and multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify factors influencing health status according to leisure activity time on weekdays and weekends by city size. Results: In large cities, exercise and physical activity time and other than that, Time to play with friends had a positive effect(+), Time to play with a smartphone had a negative effect(-) on both weekdays and weekends. In medium and small-sized cities, Exercise and physical activity time and Time to play while watching TV had a positive influence(+) on both weekdays and weekends, while Time to play with a smartphone had a negative influence(-). Conclusion There were the same questions for factors influencing health status, but other questions also appeared. Leisure activities that have a positive(+) impact on health status by city size are supported so that leisure activities can be actively carried out, while leisure activities that have a negative(-) impact are participate in other leisure activities together to improve health. It is believed that this plan should be considered.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the factors influencing the satisfaction of the housing environment of householders living in apartments in the region according to the difference in the elderly population ratio. Methods: The analysis was conducted from the 2021 housing survey in Chungcheongbuk-do and Jeollanam-do region, where the elderly population ratio is the high and low regions. The subjects of the study consisted of 552 people in Chungcheongbuk-do and 616 people in Jeollanam-do, and analysis was performed with t-test and multiple regression. Results: In the Chungcheongbuk-do region(p<0.05), Ease access to commercial facilities, Ease access to medical facilities, Ease access to public institution, Ease access to cultural facilities, Ease access to city parks and green spaces, Ease access to public transportation, Level of air pollution, Relationship with neighbors, and Jeollanam-do region showed positive influences(p<0.05) in Waterproof condition, Safety from fire, Ease access to commercial facilities, Ease access to cultural facilities, Ease access to public transportation, Educational environment, Level of air pollution, Relationship with neighbors. There was a difference(p<0.05) between regions in Waterproof condition, Safety from fire, Ease access to medical facilities, Ease access to public institution, Ease access to city parks and green spaces, Educational environment. Conclusion The factors influencing housing environment satisfaction according to the elderly population ratio by region were different. it is judged necessary to consider regional population groups when establishing and promoting city development and housing environment improvement project plans.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the factors influencing the health status of first-year high school students leisure activity time, considering of the city size. Methods: This study utilized the first cohort survey of the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey.The analysis was used data from survey targeting first-year high school students of 2021. The city size was divided into large cities and medium and small-sized cities, and T-test was conducted to examine differences in factors by city size, and multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify factors influencing health status according to leisure activity time on weekdays and weekends by city size. Results: In large cities, exercise and physical activity time and other than that, Time to play with friends had a positive effect(+), Time to play with a smartphone had a negative effect(-) on both weekdays and weekends. In medium and small-sized cities, Exercise and physical activity time and Time to play while watching TV had a positive influence(+) on both weekdays and weekends, while Time to play with a smartphone had a negative influence(-). Conclusion There were the same questions for factors influencing health status, but other questions also appeared. Leisure activities that have a positive(+) impact on health status by city size are supported so that leisure activities can be actively carried out, while leisure activities that have a negative(-) impact are participate in other leisure activities together to improve health. It is believed that this plan should be considered.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the factors influencing the satisfaction of the housing environment of householders living in apartments in the region according to the difference in the elderly population ratio. Methods: The analysis was conducted from the 2021 housing survey in Chungcheongbuk-do and Jeollanam-do region, where the elderly population ratio is the high and low regions. The subjects of the study consisted of 552 people in Chungcheongbuk-do and 616 people in Jeollanam-do, and analysis was performed with t-test and multiple regression. Results: In the Chungcheongbuk-do region(p<0.05), Ease access to commercial facilities, Ease access to medical facilities, Ease access to public institution, Ease access to cultural facilities, Ease access to city parks and green spaces, Ease access to public transportation, Level of air pollution, Relationship with neighbors, and Jeollanam-do region showed positive influences(p<0.05) in Waterproof condition, Safety from fire, Ease access to commercial facilities, Ease access to cultural facilities, Ease access to public transportation, Educational environment, Level of air pollution, Relationship with neighbors. There was a difference(p<0.05) between regions in Waterproof condition, Safety from fire, Ease access to medical facilities, Ease access to public institution, Ease access to city parks and green spaces, Educational environment. Conclusion The factors influencing housing environment satisfaction according to the elderly population ratio by region were different. it is judged necessary to consider regional population groups when establishing and promoting city development and housing environment improvement project plans.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the factors influencing the health status of first-year high school students leisure activity time, considering of the city size. Methods: This study utilized the first cohort survey of the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey.The analysis was used data from survey targeting first-year high school students of 2021. The city size was divided into large cities and medium and small-sized cities, and T-test was conducted to examine differences in factors by city size, and multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify factors influencing health status according to leisure activity time on weekdays and weekends by city size. Results: In large cities, exercise and physical activity time and other than that, Time to play with friends had a positive effect(+), Time to play with a smartphone had a negative effect(-) on both weekdays and weekends. In medium and small-sized cities, Exercise and physical activity time and Time to play while watching TV had a positive influence(+) on both weekdays and weekends, while Time to play with a smartphone had a negative influence(-). Conclusion There were the same questions for factors influencing health status, but other questions also appeared. Leisure activities that have a positive(+) impact on health status by city size are supported so that leisure activities can be actively carried out, while leisure activities that have a negative(-) impact are participate in other leisure activities together to improve health. It is believed that this plan should be considered.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the factors influencing the satisfaction of the housing environment of householders living in apartments in the region according to the difference in the elderly population ratio. Methods: The analysis was conducted from the 2021 housing survey in Chungcheongbuk-do and Jeollanam-do region, where the elderly population ratio is the high and low regions. The subjects of the study consisted of 552 people in Chungcheongbuk-do and 616 people in Jeollanam-do, and analysis was performed with t-test and multiple regression. Results: In the Chungcheongbuk-do region(p<0.05), Ease access to commercial facilities, Ease access to medical facilities, Ease access to public institution, Ease access to cultural facilities, Ease access to city parks and green spaces, Ease access to public transportation, Level of air pollution, Relationship with neighbors, and Jeollanam-do region showed positive influences(p<0.05) in Waterproof condition, Safety from fire, Ease access to commercial facilities, Ease access to cultural facilities, Ease access to public transportation, Educational environment, Level of air pollution, Relationship with neighbors. There was a difference(p<0.05) between regions in Waterproof condition, Safety from fire, Ease access to medical facilities, Ease access to public institution, Ease access to city parks and green spaces, Educational environment. Conclusion The factors influencing housing environment satisfaction according to the elderly population ratio by region were different. it is judged necessary to consider regional population groups when establishing and promoting city development and housing environment improvement project plans.

OBJECTIVE: This study is a retrospective cost-benefit analysis of cervical anterior interbody fusion and cervical artificial disc replacement, which are the main surgical methods to treat degenerative cervical disc disease.METHODS: We analyzed 156 patients who underwent anterior cervical disc fusion and cervical artificial disc replacement from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2009, diagnosed with degenerative cervical disc disorder. In this study, the costs and benefits were analyzed by using quality adjusted life year (QALY) as the outcome index for patients undergoing surgery, and a Markov model was used for the analysis. Only direct medical costs were included in the analysis; indirect medical costs were excluded. Data were analyzed with TreeAge Pro 2015™ (TreeAge Software, Inc, Williamstown, MA, USA).RESULTS: Patients who underwent cervical anterior fusion had a total cost of KRW 2501807/USD 2357 over 5 years and obtained a utility of 3.72 QALY. Patients who underwent cervical artificial disc replacement received 4.18 QALY for a total of KRW 3685949/USD 3473 over 5 years. The cumulative cost-effectiveness ratio of cervical spine replacement surgery was KRW 2549511/QALY (USD 2402/QALY), which was lower than the general Korean payment standard.CONCLUSION: Both cervical anterior fusion and cervical artificial disc replacement are cost-effective treatments for patients with degenerative cervical disc disease. Cervical artificial disc replacement may be an effective alternative to obtain more benefits.
Cervical Vertebrae ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Female ; Humans ; Quality-Adjusted Life Years ; Retrospective Studies ; Spinal Fusion ; Spine ; Total Disc Replacement

The brain consists of heterogeneous populations of neuronal and non-neuronal cells. The revelation of their connections and interactions is fundamental to understanding normal brain functions as well as abnormal changes in pathological conditions. Optogenetics and chemogenetics have been developed to allow functional manipulations both in vitro and in vivo to examine causal relationships between cellular changes and functional outcomes. These techniques are based on genetically encoded effector molecules that respond exclusively to exogenous stimuli, such as a certain wavelength of light or a synthetic ligand. Activation of effector molecules provokes diverse intracellular changes, such as an influx or efflux of ions, depolarization or hyperpolarization of membranes, and activation of intracellular signaling cascades. Optogenetics and chemogenetics have been applied mainly to the study of neuronal circuits, but their use in studying non-neuronal cells has been gradually increasing. Here we introduce recent studies that have employed optogenetics and chemogenetics to reveal the function of astrocytes and gliotransmitters.
Astrocytes* ; Brain ; In Vitro Techniques ; Ions ; Membranes ; Neurons ; Optogenetics*

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: It takes considerable time and effort to make decisions about management and follow up for the thyroid cancer. Also there are risks of incorrectness or confusion on the part of thyroid specialists. We developed a thyroid cancer calculator that does automatic thyroid cancer staging, prognosis predicting and suggesting follow-up strategies in order to reduce the burden of thyroid specialists who have to memorize a lot of guidelines and statistics, and to give consistency to the treatment plan. MATERIALS AND METHOD: An automatic thyroid cancer calculator was developed by using a computer program called 'Qt 5.2 version', based on patient demographics, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up status. This partly cited the history of prior thyroid cancer or other cancer registration, and focused on the specification of differentiated thyroid cancer. RESULTS: The program consisted of survival, recurrence and, dynamic re-stratification with follow-up. The patient registration form consisted of identification number, name and operation date, and patients needed to enter their thyroid cancer status, including clinical and pathologic information after registration. The entered information could be easily accessed in a few seconds. The program helped to update patient's current status, promptly collect data for clinical studies of thyroid cancers and provide better patient care. This program was simple, convenient and time-saving for users as it specifically contained important thyroid cancer items. CONCLUSION: Although this program is still in its primitive stage, the Kosin thyroid calculator reduces the workload of thyroid specialists and prevents the loss of clinical data. Furthermore, it could be a useful tool for the management and research of thyroid cancer.
Demography ; Diagnosis ; Follow-Up Studies* ; Humans ; Neoplasm Staging ; Patient Care ; Prognosis* ; Recurrence ; Specialization ; Thyroid Gland ; Thyroid Neoplasms*

Intradialytic hypotension during dialysis adversely affects a patient's prognosis and increases mortality. We report a case in which intradialytic hypotension that persisted after the administration of midodrine was relieved after the use of fludrocortisone. Administration of 0.2 mg of fludrocortisone occurred 30 minutes before dialysis. We compared 45 sessions of dialysis without fludrocortisone administration and 45 sessions of dialysis with fludrocortisone administration in one patient. The number of times in which systolic blood pressure became lower than 80 mmHg and the number of early terminations of dialysis due to a decrease in systolic blood pressure were higher in the sessions without fludrocortisone administration than in the sessions with fludrocortisone administration (P < 0.05). Fludrocortisone may be helpful for the treatment of intradialytic hypotension that does not respond to midodrine administration.
Blood Pressure ; Dialysis ; Fludrocortisone* ; Humans ; Hypotension* ; Midodrine ; Mortality ; Prognosis ; Renal Dialysis