Main objectives of this study were to produce the experimental postirradiation sialadenitis and to observe the effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy after the production of postirradiation sialadenitis in the unilateral parotid gland of white rats. To produce the experimental postirradiation sialadenitis, author attempted the various methods of irradiation such as 1000rad weekly for 5 weeks, or single dosage of 2000rad, 3000rad, 5000rad, but those attempts were futile due to the high mortality of experimental animals(used 80rats for pilot study). Finally author had to design fractional irradiation, that is, 1000rad per 2 weeks, total 5000rad for 8 weeks in order to produce postirradiation sialadenitis. The occurrence of postirradiation sialadenitis was proved with serial salivary scan findings. Author used irradiation 1000rats, dividing into the control(50) and experimental group (50) and rendered the hyperbaric oxygen therapy(2 hours/daily at 2.4ATM) on the experimental group for 6 weeks. The effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy was examined by salivary scan findings and microscopic examination. The obtained results of this study were as follows: 1. The differences of salivary gland function between irradiated parotid glands(right) and nonirradiated parotid glands(left) showed the most remarkable changes at 32 weeks after total 5000rad irradiation. 2. In microscopic examination at 32 weeks after total 5000rad irradiation, irradiated parotid glands(right) showed severe degenerative changes of acinar cells, separations of lobules due to edema, severe intralobular fibrosis and connective tissue fibrosis. 3. After hyperbaric oxygen therapy for 4 weeks, the effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy showed no distinctive difference findings between the control and the experimental group with salivary scan findings(p>or=0.05), while the experimental group showed progressive intralobular edema, copillary proliferation, hyperemia in connective tissues and intralobular fibrosis in microscopic examination. 4. Tc99m uptake of the experimental group was raised after hyperbaric oxygen therapy for 6 weeks, and showed reduction of Tc99m uptake ratio between irradiated parotid gland and nonirradiated gland up to 8 to 10 weeks(p<0.05), while in the microscopic exemination the experimental group showed aggravated acinar cell degeneration, intercalated duct proliferation, connective tissues fibrosis. In this study, author speculated that though the hyperbaric oxygen therapy improved the capillary impairment, there was a tendency to increase the degenerative changes of parechyma of postirradiated parotid glands, thus the usage of the hyperbaric oxygen therapy should be considered carefully in the aspect of hazardous effect to the parotid parenchymal tissues.
Acinar Cells ; Animals ; Capillaries ; Connective Tissue ; Edema ; Fibrosis ; Hyperbaric Oxygenation* ; Hyperemia ; Mortality ; Osteoradionecrosis ; Oxygen ; Parotid Gland ; Rats* ; Salivary Glands ; Sialadenitis* ; Xerostomia

BACKGROUND: Experimental data indicate that low-flow reperfusion following prolonged cardiocirculatory arrest may aggravate early cerebral microcirculatory repefusion disorders. We investigated the influence of cerebral repefusion flow change to the ischemic histopathologic damage of brain tissue after incomplete forebrain ischemia in rats. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats were undergone ligation of both infernal carotid artery by microvascular clamp for 10 minutes. After release of the clamp, reperfusion was started with several different flow levels (0, 10, 20, 30, 50, and 100%) of infernal carotid artery comparing to pre-clamping phase using flowmeter. After 15minutes of reperfusion, rat brains were prepared by perfusion-fixation with 3% formaldehyde. Under light microscopic examination of Hematoxylin-Eosin stained tissue slide, histopathologic damage was examined at cortex, putamen, and hippocampus regions. Categorical hisotopathologic damage scores were derived in each regions by manual counts of ischemic neurons. RESULT: The histopathologic damage scores were 0, 10. 2+/-0.5, 7.6+/-1.5, 5.9+/-1.4, 5.0+/- 2.8, 3.5+/-0.7, and 1.0+/-0.0 in control, 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, and 100% reperfusion groups, respectively(p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Our insults showed significant increment of brain histopathologic damage scores along with decreasing amount of cerebral reperfusion know after incomplete forebrain ischemia. We believe restoration of repefusion flow to pre-ischemic level would be a critical component in attenuation of brain ischemic damage.
Animals ; Brain ; Carotid Arteries ; Flowmeters ; Formaldehyde ; Hippocampus ; Ischemia* ; Ligation ; Models, Animal* ; Neurons ; Prosencephalon* ; Putamen ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion*

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate angiographic and contrast enhancement (CE) patterns on three-dimensional (3D) black blood (BB) contrast-enhanced MRI in patients with acute medulla infarction. Materials and Methods: From January 2020 to August 2021, we retrospectively analyzed stroke 3D BB contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) findings of patients visiting the emergency room for symptom evaluation of acute medulla infarction. In total, 28 patients with acute medulla infarction were enrolled in this study. Four types of 3D BB contrast-enhanced MRI and MRA were classified as follows: 1=unilateral contrast-enhanced vertebral artery (VA)+no visualization of VA on MRA; 2=unilateral enhanced VA+hypoplastic VA; 3=no enhanced VA+unilateral complete occlusion of VA; 4=no enhanced VA+normal VA (including hypoplasia) on MRA. Results: Of the 28 patients with acute medulla infarction, 7 (25.0%) showed delayed positive findings after 24 hours on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). Of these patients, 19 (67.9%) showed CE of the unilateral VA on 3D BB contrast-enhanced MRI (type 1 and 2). Of the 19 patients with CE of VA on 3D BB contrast-enhanced MRI, 18 showed no visualization of enhanced VA on MRA (type 1), and 1 showed hypoplastic VA. Of the 7 patients with delayed positive findings on DWI, 5 showed CE of the unilateral VA and no visualization of the enhanced VA on MRA (type 1). Symptom onset to door time or initial MR check time was significantly shorter in the groups with delayed positive findings on DWI (P<0.05). Conclusion Unilateral CE on 3D BB contrast-enhanced MRI and no visualization of the VA on MRA are related to the recent occlusion of the distal VA. These findings suggest that the recent occlusion of the distal VA is related to acute medulla infarction, including delayed visualization on DWI.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Most pesticide formulations contain both chief and additive ingredients. But, the additives may not have been tested as thoroughly as the chief ingredients. The surfactant, nonyl phenoxypolyethoxylethanol (NP40), is an additive frequently present in pesticide formulations. We investigated the effects of NP40 and other constituents of a validamycin pesticide formulation on cell viability and on the expression of genes involved in cell damage pathways. METHODS: The effects of validamycin pesticide ingredients on cell viability and of NP40 on the mRNA expression of 80 genes involved in nine key cellular pathways were examined in the human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cell line. RESULTS: The chemicals present in the validamycin pesticide formulation were cytotoxic to SK-N-SH cells and NP40 showed the greatest cytotoxicity. A range of gene expression changes were identified, with both up- and down-regulation of genes within the same pathway. However, all genes tested in the necrosis signaling pathway were down-regulated and all genes tested in the cell cycle checkpoint/arrest pathway were up-regulated. The median fold-change in gene expression was significantly higher in the cell cycle checkpoint/arrest pathway than in the hypoxia pathway category (p = 0.0064). The 70 kDa heat shock protein 4 gene, within the heat shock protein/unfolded protein response category, showed the highest individual increase in expression (26.1-fold). CONCLUSIONS: NP40 appeared to be particularly harmful, inducing gene expression changes that indicated genotoxicity, activation of the cell death (necrosis signaling) pathway, and induction of the 70 kDa heat shock protein 4 gene.
Aged ; Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects/genetics ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; Genes, cdc ; HSP110 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Humans ; Inositol/*analogs & derivatives/chemistry/poisoning ; Necrosis ; Neurons/*drug effects/metabolism/pathology ; Nonoxynol/chemistry/*toxicity ; Pesticides/chemistry/*poisoning ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Surface-Active Agents/chemistry/*toxicity

The clinical manifestations related to iliopsoas bursitis can vary due to compression of the adjacent structure such as the common femoral vein, nerve and bladder. We report here on a rare case of iliopsoas bursitis with compression of the common femoral vein that resulted in acute lower leg edema.
Bursitis* ; Edema* ; Femoral Vein* ; Leg* ; Urinary Bladder

The Acknowledgements was published incorrectly. The authors apologize for any inconvenience that it may have caused.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to explore and evaluate the characteristics and quality of infant and maternal sleep (total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and wakefulness after sleep onset) using an actigraph. Methods: The characteristics and quality of sleep were assessed in 22 dyads of mothers and infants aged 3–12 months. The quality of infant and mother sleep was collected using an actigraph for 12 consecutive days; this was repeated three times at 4-week intervals, and characteristics of infant sleep were measured using the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire-Revised. Results: Bedsharing with infants at 7–12 months of age was higher (12.5%) than with those at 3–6 months of age (50.0%). Regarding the sleeping position, half of the infants aged 3–6 months adopted the lateral (25.0%) and prone (25.0%) positions, and the remaining half (50.0%) aged 7–12 months adopted the lateral position. It was found that 45.5% of mothers of infants used breastfeeding and pacifiers to induce sleep in infants and to help their babies go back to sleep when they woke up. The total sleep time and sleep efficiency of infants and mothers were 434.68 minutes per day and 73.1% and 379.53 minutes per day and 82.8%, respectively, indicating that both infants and mothers had low sleep quality. Conclusions To safeguard infants’ sleep, it is necessary to provide appropriate information and education to parents and necessary interventions for resolving sleep problems and improving the quality of sleep for both infants and mothers.

Background: A combination of opioids and adjunctive drugs can be used for intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) to minimize opioid-related side effects. We investigated whether two different analgesics administered separately via a dual-chamber PCA have fewer side effects with adequate analgesia than a single fentanyl PCA in gynecologic pelviscopic surgery. Methods: This prospective, double-blind, randomized, and controlled study included 68 patients who underwent pelviscopic gynecological surgery. Patients were allocated to either the dual (ketorolac and fentanyl delivered by a dual-chamber PCA) or the single (fentanyl alone) group. Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and analgesic quality were compared between the two groups at 2, 6, 12, and 24 h postoperatively. Results: The dual group showed a significantly lower incidence of PONV during postoperative 2–6 h (P = 0.011) and 6–12 h (P = 0.009). Finally, only two patients (5.7%) in the dual group and 18 (54.5%) in the single group experienced PONV during the entire postoperative 24 h and could not maintain intravenous PCA (odds ratio: 0.056, 95% CI [0.007, 0.229], P < 0.001). Despite the administration of less fentanyl via intravenous PCA during the postoperative 24 h in the dual group than in the single group (66.0 ± 77.8 vs. 383.6 ± 70.1 μg, P < 0.001), postoperative pain had no significant intergroup difference. Conclusions Two different analgesics, continuous ketorolac and intermittent fentanyl bolus, administered via dual-chamber intravenous PCA, showed fewer side effects with adequate analgesia than conventional intravenous fentanyl PCA in gynecologic patients undergoing pelviscopic surgery.

Pesticide formulation includes solvents (methanol and xylene) and antifreeze (ethylene glycol) whose metabolites are anions such as formic acid, hippuric acid, and oxalate. However, the effect of the anion gap on clinical outcome in acute pesticide intoxication requires clarification. In this prospective study, we compared the anion gap and other parameters between surviving versus deceased patients with acute pesticide intoxication. The following parameters were assessed in 1,058 patients with acute pesticide intoxication: blood chemistry (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, glucose, lactic acid, liver enzymes, albumin, globulin, and urate), urinalysis (ketone bodies), arterial blood gas analysis, electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl- HCO3 -, Ca++), pesticide field of use, class, and ingestion amount, clinical outcome (death rate, length of hospital stay, length of intensive care unit stay, and seriousness of toxic symptoms), and the calculated anion gap. Among the 481 patients with a high anion gap, 52.2% had a blood pH in the physiologic range, 35.8% had metabolic acidosis, and 12.1% had acidemia. Age, anion gap, pesticide field of use, pesticide class, seriousness of symptoms (all P < 0.001), and time lag after ingestion (P = 0.048) were significant risk factors for death in univariate analyses. Among these, age, anion gap, and pesticide class were significant risk factors for death in a multiple logistic regression analysis (P < 0.001). In conclusions, high anion gap is a significant risk factor for death, regardless of the accompanying acid-base balance status in patients with acute pesticide intoxication.
Acid-Base Equilibrium ; Acidosis/etiology ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Anions/*chemistry/metabolism ; Biomarkers/*chemistry/metabolism ; Blood Gas Analysis ; Chemically-Induced Disorders/mortality/pathology ; Electrolytes/analysis ; Female ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Odds Ratio ; Pesticides/*poisoning ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Survival Analysis ; Urinalysis ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: Multiple sclerosis(MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disorder causing significant neurological impairment in early adulthood. Since 1980, childhood MS has increased and the characteristics of childhood MS has been reported. For investigation of the clinical characteristics of childhood MS in Korea, we reviewed clinical presentations, paraclinical features, prognosis, and responses to interferone treatment of childhood MS patients. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who have been diagnosed as MS according to McDonald criteria in Seoul National University Children's Hospital. 13 patients(M:F=6:7) were included in the study from 1988 to 2005. RESULTS: The age of onset was 1-12 years-old(mean 7.1) and the duration from initial presentation to 1st relapse was 3-27 months(mean 10.3). Initial presenting symptoms were motor disturbance, visual disturbance, bladder dysfunction, fever, brainstem dysfunction, headache and encephalitis-like-symptoms. All patients were treated with corticosteroids and 8 patients were on interferone-alpha treatment. EDSS score were 0-10(mean 1.8). CONCLUSION: The clinical characteristics of childhood MS were similar to the result from other studies in Korea, Japan, and eastern countries. Increasing number of childhood MS in Korea reflects the change of the environmental susceptibility to MS in Korean pediatric population. Interferone-alpha therapy can be considered as safe and effective treatment for modulating the clinical course of MS.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; Age of Onset ; Brain Stem ; Demyelinating Diseases ; Fever ; Headache ; Humans ; Interferons ; Japan ; Korea* ; Medical Records ; Multiple Sclerosis* ; Prognosis ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Seoul ; Urinary Bladder