There are much evidences to indicate that muscles and its tendon are inserted during the reperfusion phase of ischemia-reperfusion insults. However, until now the alterations of neurotransmitter induced by ischemia- reperfusion have not been examined in peripheral nervous system. This study reports the alterations of calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP) and substance P(SP) in the hindlimb ischemic model by immunohistochemical methods. In the control group, the CGRP and SP immunoreactivity was observed in nerve terminals of gastrocnemius muscle and its tendon. In the dorsal root ganglia, CGRP immunoreactivity was shown in the large A cell and small B cell. On the other hand, SP immunoreactvity was predominantly detected in small B cells. The CGRP immunoreactivity in the gastrocnemius muscle increased significantly in 2 hour ischemic group, but decreased in its tendon. The SP immunoreactivity, however, was declined in the gastrocnemius muscle as well as its tendon in 2 hour ischemic group. The CGRP immunoreactivity in the dorsal root ganglia was significantly decreased, particularly in large A cell, compared to the control group. The SP immunoreactivity in the dorsal root ganglia, on the other hand, was markedly increased. In conclusion, these results suggest that the ischemia may evoke the alteration of neurotransmitter expressions as well as the muscle degeneration, and that the changes of neuropeptide distribution induced by ischemia show the difference from the kind of neuropeptides.
Animals ; B-Lymphocytes ; Calcitonin ; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide ; Ganglia, Spinal* ; Hand ; Hindlimb ; Ischemia* ; Muscle, Skeletal* ; Muscles ; Neuropeptides* ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Peripheral Nervous System ; Rats* ; Reperfusion ; Spinal Nerve Roots* ; Substance P ; Tendons

No abstract available.
Sarcoma*

Objective: Research on psychological distress from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis has increased significantly, but the factors that can exacerbate or mitigate such distress have remained underexplored. To address the research gap, this study examined whether two types of rumination and perceived social support predict psychological distress during the pandemic. Methods: Participants were recruited from communities of the greater Daegu area (n=316) where the first massive outbreak in South Korea occurred and most residents underwent substantial disruption of daily life. They completed self-report questionnaires that included measures of psychological distress, event-related rumination, and social support. Results: The hierarchical regression analysis showed that maladaptive intrusive rumination and perceived social support predicted increases and decreases in psychological distress, respectively, even when subjective severity of COVID-19-related experiences was controlled. Putatively adaptive type of rumination (i.e., deliberate rumination) was not a significant predictor concurrently. Conclusion This is among the early endeavors to comprehensively understand risk and protective factors associated with an effective coping strategy against the COVID-19 crisis. Our results indicate that intrusive rumination aggravates but social support mitigates psychological distress during the pandemic, indicating that we can better adapt by differently attending to recent experiences and maintaining perceived social support.

Objective: Research on psychological distress from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis has increased significantly, but the factors that can exacerbate or mitigate such distress have remained underexplored. To address the research gap, this study examined whether two types of rumination and perceived social support predict psychological distress during the pandemic. Methods: Participants were recruited from communities of the greater Daegu area (n=316) where the first massive outbreak in South Korea occurred and most residents underwent substantial disruption of daily life. They completed self-report questionnaires that included measures of psychological distress, event-related rumination, and social support. Results: The hierarchical regression analysis showed that maladaptive intrusive rumination and perceived social support predicted increases and decreases in psychological distress, respectively, even when subjective severity of COVID-19-related experiences was controlled. Putatively adaptive type of rumination (i.e., deliberate rumination) was not a significant predictor concurrently. Conclusion This is among the early endeavors to comprehensively understand risk and protective factors associated with an effective coping strategy against the COVID-19 crisis. Our results indicate that intrusive rumination aggravates but social support mitigates psychological distress during the pandemic, indicating that we can better adapt by differently attending to recent experiences and maintaining perceived social support.

A case of metastatic alveolar soft part sarcoma is presented with clincal, pathological and radiological features. Alveolar soft part sarcoma is a rare soft-tissue neoplasm that is malignant and invariably fatal. It was first described and named by Christopherson, et al. in 1952. Since 1952 numerous examples of this tumor have been reported and have been studied with the electron microscope, but there is still considerable uncertainty as to the exact histogenesis of the tumor. Most cases occur in young females involving the lower extrimities especially in the right side. The most initial presenting symptom is a slowgrowing painless mass and the principal metastatic sites are the lungs, followed by the brain and skeleton. Cerebral metastasis, in fact, may be the first manifestation of the disease. Treatment is radical surgical excision but radiotherapy and chemotherapy are less effective. We present the reported case of metastatic alveolar soft pat sarcoma with electron microscopic findings.
Brain ; Drug Therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Lung ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Radiotherapy ; Sarcoma ; Sarcoma, Alveolar Soft Part* ; Skeleton ; Uncertainty

The main goal of the surgical treatment of maxillofacial deformity is improved esthetic appearance and masticatory function. Recently, the purpose of orthognathic surgery has been focused on esthetic improvement of the patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in gonial angle to orthognathic surgery. For this study 30 patients were randomly selected. All patients with mandibular prognathism were operated upon with bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy and mandibular setback. The patients were cephalmetric lateral radiographs for 1 hear. Lateral cephalmetric radiographs taken preoperatively, over 6-months and 1 year follow up were traced and analysed. The following conclusions were reached. : 1. During following up period for 1 year, the change of gonial angle after orthognathic surgery was decreased, except 3 cases. The mean gonial angle change was decreased from 128.6 degrees(+/-4.83) to 123.4 degrees(+/-5.52) in female(p<0.05). 2. During follow up period for 1 year, the mean gonial angle was decreased after orthognathic surgery from 129.7 degrees(+/-6.47) to 123.3 degrees(+/-7.52), in all male patients(p<0.05). 3. The mean gonial angle changes after orthognathic surgery was about 5.2 degrees in female and 5.4 degrees in male. There was less statistical significance between male and female. 4. The ratio of mandibular setback amount from 6mm to 15mm was 83.3%, and from 1mm to 5mm was 10%.
Congenital Abnormalities ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Orthognathic Surgery ; Osteotomy, Sagittal Split Ramus ; Prognathism

A murime monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific for the envelope glycoprotein gp120 of human immunodeficiency virus type-I (HIV-1) was chemically coupled to pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP) from Phytolacca americana. The immunotoxin was purified by FPLC using 5200 colum. The purified immunotoxin efficiently bound to HIV-infected T cells as evidenced by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis. The immunotoxin selectively killed human T lymphoid lines infected with HIV-lIIIB at less than 250 pM of the immunotoxin cells, while PAP or mAb alone did not have any significant effect on infected cells. The uninfected control T cell lines were not affected. Human cells infected with HIV-2 or other HIV-1 strains were not killed, suggesting that the killing depends completely on the antibody used for coupling. These in vitro results suggest that the PAP-mAb conjugate may be used to selectively remove cells expressing viral antigens from individuals infected with HIV.
Antigens, Viral ; Cell Line ; Glycoproteins ; HIV ; HIV-1 ; HIV-2 ; Homicide ; Humans* ; Immunotoxins ; Phytolacca americana* ; T-Lymphocytes*

BACKGROUND: Intravenous patient controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) is a very popular and relatively safe technique due to its innate negative feedback mechanism. Morphine, the most commonly used analgesic, however, has its own drawbacks due to troublesome side effects. Narcotic agonist-antagonists are known to have ceiling effects not only to their analgesic potency, but also to their side effects. The authors studied the efficacy and incidence of side effects of Butorphanol IV-PCA for postoperative analgesia and compared these to morphine. METHODS: 38 ASA class I or II patients, undergoing gynecological surgery were randomly assigned into two groups, respectively Butorphanol and Morphine and examined hemodynamic changes, overall pain relief, patients satisfaction and the frequency of side effects. After general anesthesia, each patient randomly received loading dose of butorphanol or morphine in the recovery room and discharged to the floor with the PCA module. Upon arrival, individual patient was evaluated at predetermined time interval for 24 hours. RESULTS: The percentage of patient satisfaction was very high in both groups. The incidence of nausea was less in butorphanol group. The incidence of other side effects was statistically insignificant. CONCLUSIONS: Butorphanol has less incidence of side effects and comparable level of analgesia when compared to morphine. We conclude that butorphanol may be considered as a part of routine IV-PCA regimen, in postoperative pain management.
Analgesia ; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled* ; Anesthesia, General ; Butorphanol* ; Female ; Gynecologic Surgical Procedures* ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Incidence ; Morphine* ; Nausea ; Pain, Postoperative ; Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis ; Patient Satisfaction ; Recovery Room

PURPOSE: This research was conducted to explore the experience of middle-aged women parting with their children and to develop a grounded theory. METHOD: The participants were 11 women in their 50's who had experienced parting with their children due to schooling, military service and marriage. The grounded theory methodology based on symbolic interactionism was used. RESULTS: 106 concepts, 30 subcategories and 14 categories were derived from the analysis through processes of open coding, axial coding and selective coding. The central phenomenon was 'happy but sad' and the core category was a process of 'independence that is sorrowful yet delightful'. Four types were identified; the independent-type; submissive -type; family-reliant-type ; and fragile-type; based on the attachment to the child, state of mind, satisfaction of the situation, family support system and self-achievement. CONCLUSION: This research identified that the modern Korean middle-aged women who are considered to be the 'sandwich generation' since they have experienced a turbulent history and the change from a confucian parent-child lifestyle to a couple-oriented one, moved away from an attitude dependent on children in parting with them and started preparing for an independent late life. Based on the results, the verification research is advised on the variables that affect the experience of parting with children.
Child* ; Clinical Coding ; Female ; Humans ; Life Style ; Marriage ; Military Personnel

Background: Conventional laryngoscopy with Macintosh blade requires a movement of the head, neck and cervical spine. The Bullard laryngoscope is an anatomically shaped, potentially eliminating the need for cervical spine extension. Bullard and Macintosh laryngoscopes were compared by measuring the degree of cervical spine extension by radiological measurement. Methods: Eighteen patients requiring endotracheal intubation were studied. Anesthesia was induced in neutral head position followed by laryngoscopy. Each patients was intubated two times by Macintosh and Bullard laryngoscope in random order. Radiographic evaluation was performed to determine the degree of cervical spine extension on four occasions; before induction, during facial mask ventilation, and during Bullard and Macintosh laryngoscopy. Results: The extension of cervical spine was significantly less following Bullard laryngoscopy than Macintosh laryngoscopy for best view (p<0.05). Conclusions: The Bullard laryngoscope can be used with less cervical spine extension than Macintosh laryngoscope. It may be useful in patients in whom cervical spine movement is limited or undesirable.
Anesthesia ; Head ; Humans ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Laryngoscopes ; Laryngoscopy* ; Masks ; Neck ; Spine* ; Ventilation