Purpose: Idiopathic scoliosis is the most common form of scoliosis, and the risk of onset and progression has been found to correlate with growth spurts. Therefore, treatment with recombinant human growth hormone (GH) treatment in short children may initiate and/or aggravate scoliosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between idiopathic scoliosis and GH treatment in short children. Methods: The medical records of 113 subjects seen at the participating institution between January 2010 and December 2020 and who were diagnosed with GH deficiency and small for gestational age, had idiopathic short stature, and were treated with GH for at least one year were reviewed. Scoliosis was defined as a Cobb angle greater than 10 degrees as assessed using a spine x-ray. Clinical data and laboratory findings before and 12 months after GH treatment were compared. Results: There was significant increase in height, height-standard deviation score, insulin-like growth factor 1, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (p<0.001) with GH treatment. However, there were no significant differences in the average Cobb angle (6.2°±3.3° vs. 6.1°±3.5°, p=0.842) and the prevalence of scoliosis (9.7% vs. 13.3%, p=0.481) before and after one year of GH treatment. A comparative analysis of both initial Cobb angle and change in Cobb angle during GH treatment showed no relationship with other factors. Conclusion Although GH treatment in short children increased height and growth velocity, it was not associated with development or aggravation of idiopathic scoliosis.

PURPOSE: Biological parameters can be quantified using dynamic PET data with compartment modeling and Nonlinear Least Square (NLS) estimation. However, the generation of parametric images using the NLS is not appropriate because of the initial value problem and excessive computation time. In irreversible model, Patlak graphical analysis (PGA) has been commonly used as an alternative to the NLS method. In PGA, however, the start time (t*, time where linear phase starts) has to be determined. In this study, we suggest a new Multiple Linear Analysis for irreversible radiotracer (MLAIR) to estimate fluoride bone influx rate (Ki). METHODS: [18F]Fluoride dynamic PET scans was acquired for 60 min in three normal mini-pigs. The plasma input curve was derived using blood sampling from the femoral artery. Tissue time-activity curves were measured by drawing region of interests (ROIs) on the femur head, vertebra, and muscle. Parametric images of Ki were generated using MLAIR and PGA methods. RESULT: In ROI analysis, estimated Ki values using MLAIR and PGA method was slightly higher than those of NLS, but the results of MLAIR and PGA were equivalent. Patlak slopes (Ki) were changed with different t* in low uptake region. Compared with PGA, the quality of parametric image was considerably improved using new method. CONCLUSION: The results showed that the MLAIR was efficient and robust method for the generation of Ki parametric image from [18F]Fluoride PET. It will be also a good alternative to PGA for the radiotracers with irreversible three compartment model.
Femoral Artery ; Femur Head ; Fluorides ; Plasma ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Spine

Myotonic dystrophies (DM) are genetic neuromuscular diseases that have autosomal dominant inheritance and are characterized by progressive muscular weakness. Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is caused by the expansion of an unstable CTG repeat in the DMPK (myotonic dystrophy protein kinase) gene on chromosome 19q13.3. Endocrine disorders associated with DM1 include primary hypogonadism with testicular atrophy and insulin resistance. However, DM1 accompanying hypogonodotropic hypogonadism has not previously been reported in Korea. A 56-year-old man who suffered from progressive weakness and walking disturbance for many years was hospitalized due to pneumonia. During his treatment for pneumonia, he received oral hypoglycemic agents because of hyperglycemia. He was diagnosed with DM1, based on the results of an EMG and genetic analyses. He also displayed anosmia and gynecomastia and was diagnosed with hypogonodotropic hypogonadism, based on the results of hormone tests.
Atrophy ; Gynecomastia ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; Hypogonadism ; Insulin Resistance ; Korea ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Muscle Weakness ; Myotonic Dystrophy ; Neuromuscular Diseases ; Olfaction Disorders ; Pneumonia ; Walking ; Wills

Wide spread MR signal changes in the corpus callosum can occur after shunt operation in patients with hydrocephalus. Although the mechanism of these signal changes remains unclear, neural compression caused by active hydrocephalus and changes of conditions after shunt operation may contribute to the development of these changes. We present a patient who underwent successful ventriculo-peritoneal shunt operation for hydrocephalus and had diffuse signal changes in the corpus callosum in MR images taken 2 years after the surgery.
Corpus Callosum* ; Decompression* ; Humans ; Hydrocephalus* ; Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt

PURPOSE: This study was aimed to analyze the clinical characteristics of patients with acute interstitial pneumonia who had presented similar clinical patterns from March to June, 2006 and to describe our experience of treatment and to identify risk factors associated with prognosis. METHODS: The clinical characteristics, radiologic and histopathologic findings and response to steroids of 15 patients (non-survival group [n=7] and survival group [control, n=8]) with acute interstitial pneumonia were investigated through the review of medical records. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 26 (range: 3-48) months. Cough, cyanosis and fever were frequent symptoms. The most frequent radiologic findings on admission were pneumomediastium and extensive ground glass opacity. Surgical lung biopsy was performed on 8/15 (53.3%) patients and diffuse alveolar damage was found. Mechanical ventilation was applied for 9/15 (60.0%) patients for 40 (range: 1-99) days. Five patients in survival group received steroid treatment and 7 patients in non-survivial group (P=0.20). One patient in survival group received steroid pulse treatment and 4 patients in non-survival group (P=0.12). Seven patients died all of respiratory failure. The survival rate was 53.4%. CONCLUSION: The patients with acute interstitial pneumonia which occurred on spring 2006 showed high mortality because of rapidly and extensively progressing pulmonary fibrosis and air leakage. Therefore, we should consider surgical lung biopsy and steroid application earlier. We should recognize this acute interstitial pneumonia occurring on spring in domestics and need to investigate the cause and treatment in large scale.
Biopsy ; Child ; Cough ; Cyanosis ; Fever ; Glass ; Humans ; Lung ; Lung Diseases, Interstitial ; Mediastinal Emphysema ; Pulmonary Fibrosis ; Respiration, Artificial ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Risk Factors ; Steroids ; Survival Rate

Allogeneic natural killer (NK) cell therapy is a potential therapeutic approach for a variety of solid tumors. We established an expansion method for large-scale production of highly purified and functionally active NK cells, as well as a freezing medium for the expanded NK cells. In the present study, we assessed the effect of cryopreservation on the expanded NK cells in regards to viability, phenotype, and anti-tumor activity. NK cells were enormously expanded (about 15,000-fold expansion) with high viability and purity by stimulating CD³⁺ T cell-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with irradiated autologous PBMCs in the presence of IL-2 and OKT3 for 3 weeks. Cell viability was slightly reduced after freezing and thawing, but cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion were not significantly different. In a xenograft mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma cells, cryopreserved NK cells had slightly lower anti-tumor efficacy than freshly expanded NK cells, but this was overcome by a 2-fold increased dose of cryopreserved NK cells. In vivo antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity of cryopreserved NK cells was also demonstrated in a SCID mouse model injected with Raji cells with rituximab co-administration. Therefore, we demonstrated that expanded/frozen NK cells maintain viability, phenotype, and anti-tumor activity immediately after thawing, indicating that expanded/frozen NK cells can provide ‘ready-to-use’ cell therapy for cancer patients.
Animals ; Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; Cell Survival ; Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy ; Cryopreservation* ; Freezing ; Heterografts ; Humans* ; Interleukin-2 ; Killer Cells, Natural* ; Methods ; Mice ; Mice, SCID ; Muromonab-CD3 ; Phenotype ; Rituximab

Objective: The distinction between idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) and hydrocephalus ex vacuo caused by encephalic volume loss remains to be established. This study aims to investigate radiological parameters as clinically useful tools to discriminate iNPH from hydrocephalus ex vacuo caused by Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods: A total of 54 patients with ventriculomegaly (iNPH, 25; hydrocephalus ex vacuo, 29) were recruited in this study. Consequently, nine radiological parameters were compared between iNPH and hydrocephalus ex vacuo using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results: A small callosal angle (CA), the Sylvian fissure dilatation, and absence of narrowing of superior parietal sulci discriminated the iNPH group from the hydrocephalus ex vacuo group (p<0.05). The final binary logistic regression model included narrowing of superior parietal sulci, degrees of the CA, and height of the Sylvian fissure after controlling for age and global Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). The composite score made from these three indicators (narrowing of superior parietal sulci, degrees of the CA, and height of the Sylvian fissure) was statistically different between iNPH and hydrocephalus ex vacuo. Conclusion The narrowing of the CA, dilatation of the Sylvain fissure, and narrowing of superior parietal sulci may be used as radiological key indices and noninvasive tools for the differential diagnosis of iNPH from hydrocephalus ex vacuo.

Objective: The distinction between idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) and hydrocephalus ex vacuo caused by encephalic volume loss remains to be established. This study aims to investigate radiological parameters as clinically useful tools to discriminate iNPH from hydrocephalus ex vacuo caused by Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods: A total of 54 patients with ventriculomegaly (iNPH, 25; hydrocephalus ex vacuo, 29) were recruited in this study. Consequently, nine radiological parameters were compared between iNPH and hydrocephalus ex vacuo using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results: A small callosal angle (CA), the Sylvian fissure dilatation, and absence of narrowing of superior parietal sulci discriminated the iNPH group from the hydrocephalus ex vacuo group (p<0.05). The final binary logistic regression model included narrowing of superior parietal sulci, degrees of the CA, and height of the Sylvian fissure after controlling for age and global Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). The composite score made from these three indicators (narrowing of superior parietal sulci, degrees of the CA, and height of the Sylvian fissure) was statistically different between iNPH and hydrocephalus ex vacuo. Conclusion The narrowing of the CA, dilatation of the Sylvain fissure, and narrowing of superior parietal sulci may be used as radiological key indices and noninvasive tools for the differential diagnosis of iNPH from hydrocephalus ex vacuo.

Purpose: The overall incidence of central precocious puberty (CPP) has increased in recent decades, and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluations are recommended in cases of suspected brain lesions. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of MRI abnormalities and to evaluate the need for routine brain MRI in patients with newly diagnosed CPP. Methods: This retrospective study reviewed the data of patients newly diagnosed with CPP who underwent routine pituitary MRI at Korea University Anam Hospital from March 2020 to September 2021. A total of 199 girls and 24 boys was enrolled in this study. Positive MRI findings were categorized as abnormal pituitary, nonpituitary incidental, and pathological. In addition, we investigated the incidence of MRI abnormalities and evaluated their associations with clinical and biochemical factors. Results: Positive brain MRI findings were observed in 84 patients (37.7%). Pituitary abnormalities were found in 54 patients (24.2%), with Rathke cleft cysts being the most common (16.1%). Incidental nonpituitary findings were observed in 29 patients (13.0%), while a pathological brain lesion (diagnosed as hypothalamic hamartoma) was observed in only 1 female patient (0.4%). No significant differences in sex or age were found in incidence of pituitary abnormalities or nonpituitary incidental findings. Compared with headache controls, significant associations were observed between abnormal pituitary findings on MRI and CPP (unadjusted odds ratio, 3.979; 95% confidence interval, 1.726–9.173). Conclusion True pathological findings were rare, even though the prevalence of abnormalities on pituitary MRI in patients with CPP was relatively high. Considering its cost-effectiveness, MRI screenings should be carefully considered in patients with CPP.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate brain activation during a Korean language-based 'theory of mind (TOM)' task and fMRI in Korean schizophrenic patients. METHODS: Fourteen Korean schizophrenic patients and 15 normal controls participated in this study. For all participants, several clinical states and psychosocial functions were evaluated. The subjects were then scanned while performing Korean language-based fMRI tasks. The tasks were comprised of conditions-first order false belief (TOM task), physical causality, and unrelated situations. Imaging data were analyzed using SPM2 software (uncorrected p<0.005, extent threshold kappa=10). RESULTS: 1) Compared with the control group, the patient group showed significantly poorer performance on the TOM task, and no significant correlation between TOM and empathic abilitiesy. 2) In the patient group, there were no significantly activated brain regions associated with the TOM task as compared to the physical causality task. With respect to between-group differences, the patient group showed significantly less activation of the left medial frontal region (primarily BA 8) and signifcantly different activation of the left precuneus (BA 7) associated with the TOM task. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that Korean schizophreniac patients show different brain activity associated with TOM functions, especially with respect to the Korean language-based first order false belief tasks.
Brain ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Schizophrenia ; Theory of Mind