We performed this study to investigate the distribution of axes of astigmatism, the occurrence and amount of astigma- tism among pediatric population aged from 1 to 15 years who have visited our clinic from January to December 1997. After routine ophthalmologic examination to rule out any organic abnormality, the cycloplegic refraction was performed with 0.5-1.0% atropine on 529 eyes. Out of 529 eyes, astigmatism was found in 356 eyes (67.3%) with the highest incidence in 15-year-old group being 87.0%. Among 356 eyes with astigma- tism, with-the-rule astigmatism was found in 322 eyes (90.4%); against-the-rule, 30 eyes (8.5%); oblique, 4 eyes (1.1%). With-the-rule astigmatism occurred far more frequently found than against-the-rule in all age groups. As to the type of astigmatism classified by the state of refractive errors,hyperopic astigmatism was found in 144 eyes (40.4%); myopic,136 eyes (38.3%); mixed, 76 eyes (21.3%). Of the total of 356 eyes with astigmatism, astigmatism of 1.0 diopter or less was found in 181 eyes (50.8%).
Adolescent ; Astigmatism* ; Atropine ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra* ; Child* ; Humans ; Incidence

In determining the effects of strabismus surgery, it is very important to know where the reattachment site of an extraocular muscle following recession procedure is located. Undercorrections or overcorrections after muscle surgery have been thought to be due to a postoperative positional changes of reattachment site along the surface of the globe. The author performed this experimental study to evaluate the amounts of changes of reattachment site after recession procedure in rabbit with 4 different methods of scleral fixation;direct suture with 6-0 vicryl, hang-back suture, application with Tisseel and Histoacryl. Superior rectus recession was performed in all 40 rabbit eyes, 10 eyes in each group. The distance from limbus to proximal end of recessed superior rectus muscle was measured on day 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 postoperatively. Further measurements were followed at 2, 3, 4 and 8 weeks after recession procedure. The muscles were found an average of 0.4mm posterior to the intended position in direct suture group and 0.5 mmin hang-back suture group at one week postoperatively. But in the other two groups in which tissue adhesive agents, Tisseel and Histoacryl were used, the amount of displacement of the reattachment site were minimal of within 0.1 mm. From this experimental study, it is suggested that the positional changes of the reattachment site after recession procedure may influence the surgical corrective effects for strabismus.
Enbucrilate ; Fibrin Tissue Adhesive ; Muscles ; Polyglactin 910 ; Strabismus ; Sutures ; Tissue Adhesives

No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Dermoscopy ; Hemangioma* ; Lasers, Dye

No abstract available.
Anemia, Hypoplastic, Congenital*

PURPOSE: This study was performed to examine parenting attitude and stress according to personality type in elementary school students' mothers. METHODS: The subjects consisted of 206 mothers of students. The measurement instrument was the questionnaire consisting of Korean-version MBTI and PSI test. Data was collected from March 15th to April 15th, 2008. RESULTS: Among personality types by function, ST type was most, occupying 60.2%. Among personality types by temperament, SJ type was most, occupying 59.2%. The score of affective attitude was highest among the parenting attitudes. Parenting attitude was significantly different according to age, education, economic status, number of children, planned pregnancy, factor of stress, and family type. Parenting stress was significantly different according to planned pregnancy and factor of stress. In parenting attitudes by personality types, affective attitude was significantly different. Parenting stress was significantly different according to personality type by function. There was a negative correlation between affective and autonomic attitudes and parenting stress. There was a positive correlation between rejective attitude and parenting stress. CONCLUSION: It would be essential to provide dynamic developmental programs for increasing the children's social ability, and nursing intervention, education and counseling programs for decreasing parenting stress through understanding mothers' personality type.
Child ; Counseling ; Education ; Family Planning Services ; Humans ; Mothers* ; Nursing ; Parenting* ; Parents* ; Temperament ; Surveys and Questionnaires

No abstract available.
Hydroxyurea ; Skin ; Skin Ulcer

Loss of best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)is a landmark of safety, as one of important complications of refractive surgery. To evaluate causes of 2 lines or more loss of BCVA after laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK), 206 eyes of 139 patients, who had undergone LASIK and had been followed up for 6 months or more, were included in this study. During the follow-up, nineteen eyes(9.2%, 19/206)showed 2 lines or more loss of BCVA postoperatively. The causes of BCVA were irregular astigmatism(15 eyes, 7.3%), retinal complications(3 eyes, 1.5%), and infectious keratitis(1 eye, 0.5%). All irregular astigmatisms had occured within 1 month postoperatively and 13 eyes of all 15 eyes spontaneously recovered after postoperative 3 months. The persistent loss of BCVA occurred in 5 eyes(2.4%, 5/206). Three cases of all 5 persistent losses of BCVA were due to retinal complications. In conclusion, our results suggest that the most common cause of loss of BCVA after LASIK is irregular astigmatism. Irregular astigmatism is a temporary situation which has a tendancy of spontaneous recovery. Thus careful observation is recommended in irregular astigmatism after LASIK. The retinal complications of LASIK may lead to permanent loss of BCVA. Therefore it is needed to examine preoperative fundus closely and to explain possible postoperative complicaitons to the patients and their family.
Astigmatism ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ* ; Refractive Surgical Procedures ; Retinaldehyde ; Visual Acuity*

PURPOSE: To evaluate the MR findings of knee injuries in skiing and to explain the mechanism of injury with MR findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed MR findings of 18 patients with history of knee injuries in skiing. The MR images were evaluated retrospectively to identify the ligament injuries, bone lesions and meniscal injuries. RESULTS: Ligament injuries were seen in 16 patients, bone contusions in 16 patients, meniscal lesions in two patients. The most common group of injury was anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and roedial collateral ligament (MCL) injuries with bone contusion on posterior lip of the lateral tibial plateau (LTP). The second common group of injury was isolated ACL injury with bone contusions on the lateral fernoral condyle (LFC) and posterior lip of the LTP. We considered that the mechanism of injury of the former group may be correlated with the valgus torque with secondary anterior displacement of the tibia and the latter group may be correlated with the pivot shift phenomenon. CONCLUSION: MR may play an important role in the diagnosis of knee injuries in skiing and its findings may explain the mechanism of injury.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ; Collateral Ligaments ; Contusions ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Knee Injuries* ; Knee* ; Ligaments ; Lip ; Retrospective Studies ; Skiing* ; Tibia ; Torque

No abstract available.
Carbon Dioxide* ; Carbon* ; Foreign Bodies* ; Foreign-Body Reaction ; Granuloma ; Lasers, Gas* ; Lip*