PURPOSE: The incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus is increasing worldwide, the complications such as growth impairment, thyroid dysfunction, microvascular disease can be accompanied in type 1 diabetes mellitus. So, it is important to study initial clinical characteristics of type 1 diabetes mellitus for long-term managements of such complications. METHODS: Forty children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus who had been followed up in the department of pediatrics, Ajou university hospital from December 1997 to June 2006 were enrolled in this study. Sex, Onset Age, onset season, body mass index, family history, serum blood glucose, urine ketone, admission duration, HbA1c, serum and 24 hours urine C-peptide, islet cell antibody, daily insulin dose, insulin like growth factor-I, thyroid function test, lipid profile, bone age of patients were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: Forty patients were enrolled:19 boys and 21 girls. The mean age of diagnosis was 9.2+/-3.5 years. There were no seasonal variation in onset time. The body mass index were 15.9+/-2.7 kg/m2. In family history, 1 patient had type 1 and 16 patients (40%) had type 2 diabetes. Blood glucose was 509+/-172 mg/dL. Urine ketone was positive in 77.8% of patients. HbA1c was 12.5+/-2.4%. Serum C-peptide was 0.76+/-0.65 ng/mL and there was statistically significant positive relationship between patient's age and serum C-peptide level (P<0.05). Daily insulin dose was 0.89+/-0.28 unit/kg/day and negatively correlated with serum C-peptide level (P<0.05), but there were no differences in daily insulin dose between prepubertal and pubertal patients. In 82.4% of patients, at least one of 3 antibody (glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody, islet cell antibody, insulin auto antibody) were detected. Serum C-peptide were higher in GAD Ab positive group than in negative group (P<0.05). In 63.6% of patients, Insulin like growth factor-I levels were lower than normal control group. Thyroid dysfunction were found in 7.5% of patients. 48.7% of patients were accompanied with dyslipidemia. In 51.9% of patients, bone age was advanced by at least 6 months. CONCLUSION: For the most part, our results were consistent with previous studies. But some points like, 1) there was no seasonal variation in onset time, 2) serum C-peptide was not low, 3) there were no differences in daily insulin dose between prepubertal and pubertal patients, differed from previous studies.
Adolescent ; Age of Onset ; Blood Glucose ; Body Mass Index ; C-Peptide ; Child ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1* ; Diagnosis* ; Dyslipidemias ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Insulin ; Islets of Langerhans ; Pediatrics ; Retrospective Studies ; Seasons ; Thyroid Function Tests ; Thyroid Gland

Objective: To investigate the diagnostic performance of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and its role as a second-line imaging modality after gadoxetate-enhanced MRI (Gd-EOB-MRI) in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among at risk observations. Materials and Methods: We prospectively enrolled participants at risk of HCC with treatment-naïve solid hepatic observations (≥ 1 cm) of Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LR)-3/4/5/M during surveillance and performed Gd-EOB-MRI. A total of one hundred and three participants with 103 hepatic observations (mean size, 28.2 ± 24.5 mm; HCCs [n = 79], non-HCC malignancies [n = 15], benign [n = 9]; diagnosed by pathology [n = 57], or noninvasive method [n = 46]) were included in this study. The participants underwent CEUS with sulfur hexafluoride. Arterial phase hyperenhancement (APHE) and washout on Gd-EOB-MRI and CEUS were evaluated. The distinctive washout in CEUS was defined as mild washout 60 seconds after contrast injection. The diagnostic ability of Gd-EOB-MRI and of CEUS as a second-line modality for HCC were determined according to the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) and the Korean Liver Cancer Association and National Cancer Center (KLCA-NCC) guidelines. The diagnostic abilities of both imaging modalities were compared using the McNemar’s test. Results: The sensitivity of CEUS (60.8%) was lower than that of Gd-EOB-MRI (72.2%, p = 0.06 by EASL; 86.1%, p < 0.01 by KLCA-NCC); however, the specificity was 100%. By performing CEUS on the inconclusive observations in Gd-EOB-MRI, HCCs without APHE (n = 10) or washout (n = 12) on Gd-EOB-MRI further presented APHE (80.0%, 8/10) or distinctive washout (66.7%, 8/12) on CEUS, and more HCCs were diagnosed than with Gd-EOB-MRI alone (sensitivity: 72.2% vs. 83.5% by EASL, p < 0.01; 86.1% vs. 91.1% by KCLA-NCC, p = 0.04). There were no false-positive cases for HCC on CEUS. Conclusion The addition of CEUS to Gd-EOB-MRI as a second-line diagnostic modality increases the frequency of HCC diagnosis without changing the specificities.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the optimal washout criteria of perfluorobutane-enhanced ultrasonography (PFB-US) for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in high-risk individuals. Methods: Participants at risk of HCC with treatment-naïve solid hepatic observations (≥1 cm) who underwent PFB-US from March 2019 to September 2020 were prospectively recruited. Arterial phase hyperenhancement (APHE), washout time, and washout degree were evaluated. The diagnosis of HCC was made by non-rim APHE with late and mild washout. The per-lesion diagnostic performance for diagnosing HCC using different cutoffs for late washout (50, 55, 60, 65, and 70 seconds postcontrast) and the different time windows for determining washout (until 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 minutes postcontrast) were compared using the McNemar test. Results: In total, 101 participants with 113 observations (mean size, 33.5±2.8 mm; HCCs [n=82], non-HCC malignancies [n=16], benign [n=15]) were evaluated. Non-rim APHE was observed in 86.6% (71/82) of HCCs. As the cutoff time for late washout increased, the specificity increased to 100% (95% confidence interval [CI], 88.8% to 100%) at the 60-second cutoff with 62.2% sensitivity (95% CI, 50.8% to 72.7%). When the time window for determining washout became wider, the sensitivity and accuracy increased until 6 minutes, with 100% specificity at all times. Conclusion Determining washout within 6 minutes after contrast injection with a 60-second cutoff for late washout showed the highest sensitivity without losing specificity for diagnosing HCC using PFB-US in individuals at high risk.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although the complication of using e-PTFE as augmentation material in rhinoplasty for occidental patients have been reported, but only a little information is available for oriental patients. The aim of the present study is to analyze complications of e-PTFE for nasal augmentation in rhinoplasty for oriental patients. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The subjects consisted of 1376 patients who had been performed augmentation rhinoplasty with e-PTFE between January 1994 and October 2002. The subjects were classified according to experience of rhinoplasty. The first group included primary cases and second group revision cases. The revision group was divided into two groups according to the different techniques performed, one being the minor group that had been performed the simple technique, and the other group that had been performed the complicated technique. We reviewed postoperative complications of augmentation rhinoplasty with artificial implants including displacement, surface irregularity, infection, dorsal line and height problem, soft tissue reaction, extrusion and resorption. RESULTS: Side effects occurred in 127 (9.2%) of the 1376 patients: 38 (29.9%) was displacement, 29 (22.8%) dorsal height problem, 23 (18.1%) surface irregularity, 18 (14.2%) dorsal line and 18 (14.2%) infection and others. CONCLUSION: Compared with other autogenous and artificial materials, the study found e-PTFE as a good material for augmentation rhinoplasty for the orientals.
Humans ; Polytetrafluoroethylene ; Postoperative Complications ; Prostheses and Implants ; Rhinoplasty

Objective: Bacteremia is a common cause of increased morbidity and mortality in elderly patients, but early diagnosis and identification are complex. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte count ratio (NLR) is suggested as a useful indicator for diagnosing bloodstream infections. This study evaluated whether the NLR at admission is associated with bloodstream infections in older patients admitted to the emergency department. Methods: A retrospective, multicenter analysis was performed on patients admitted to the emergency department from November 2016 to February 2017. We included patients aged 65 years and older who visited the emergency department with medical problems. Baseline NLR values were measured upon admission to the emergency department. The primary outcome was a positive blood culture. Results: A total of 1,815 patients were included in this study. The median age was 77.25±7.38 years, and bacteremia was identified in 290 older patients (15.9%). The NLR was significantly higher in the bacteremia group (15.95±22.03) than in the non-bacteremia group (8.76±8.74, P<0.001). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, the NLR was associated with bacteremia after adjusting for confounding factors as continuous variables (odds ratio [OR], 1.033; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.009-1.057) and categorical variables (NLR ≥10; OR, 2.018; 95% CI, 1.246-3.268). The area under the curve of the NLR was determined to be 0.667 (95% CI, 0.639-0.694). Conclusion These results indicate that the NLR at admission to the emergency department is associated with bloodstream infections. Early suspicion of bacteremia, by determining the initial NLR value, will help treat bacteremia in elderly patients.

PURPOSE: IGF-I and IGFBP-3 are usually used for the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency. Until now we don't have normal values of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in Korea. Therefore, we evaluated the normal values of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in healthy Korean children and adolescents and compared with reference values in Pediatric endocrinology which was published by the Korean society of pediatric endocrinology. We also evaluated correlation of age, sex, height, body mass index and bone age with serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels. METHODS: We studied the serum levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in 919 and 686 normal healthy children and adolescents respectively who were examined for the growth evaluation at the department of Pediatrics, Ajou University Hospital from January, 1994 to September, 2004. IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were measured using IRMA method. RESULTS: Serum levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were increased with age from early childhood into adolescence. Serum IGF-I correlated significantly with age, sex and BMI but serum IGFBP-3 correlated significantly only with age and sex (P<0.05). IGF-I levels in our data were lower than reference values in Pediatric Endocrinology during early childhood but were higher in puberty. IGFBP-3 levels were higher throughout childhood and puberty. CONCLUSION: There was a significant difference between our data and reference values which were evaluated in U.S.A., so longitudinal antegrade large scale study must be undertaken to obtain the normal reference range of healthy Korean children and adolescents. We believe that one should take into account the patient's age, sex, height, BMI and bone age when measuring serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels for the evaluation of short stature.
Adolescent* ; Body Height* ; Child* ; Diagnosis ; Endocrinology ; Growth Hormone ; Humans ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3* ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I* ; Korea ; Pediatrics ; Puberty ; Reference Values*

PURPOSE: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) is known for improving final adult height in patients with central precocious puberty (CPP). This study aimed to investigate the age of menarche and near adult height in girls with CPP who had been treated with GnRHa. METHODS: In this retrospective study, we reviewed the medical records of 71 Korean girls with CPP who had started menarche or reached over 13 years of bone age after long-term GnRHa treatment. We estimated near adult height using the Bayley-Pinneau method and identified the age of menarche in girls with CPP. RESULTS: Mean chronological and bone age at menarche were 11.9+/-0.7 and 12.8+/-0.4 years, respectively. The period between menarche and the end of treatment was 14.0+/-5.6 months. Posttreatment near adult height was 163.8+/-4.7 cm, which was significantly greater than pretreatment predicted adult height (158.7+/-4.1 cm). CONCLUSION: GnRHa treatment in girls with CPP could improve final adult height and made the age of menarche close to that of the general population.
Adult* ; Female ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone* ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Menarche* ; Puberty, Precocious* ; Retrospective Studies

Epiphrenic diverticulum is a relatively rare condition resulting from mucosal herniation through the muscular wall of the esophagus. This pulsion diverticulum is often associated with abnormal esophageal motility such as esophageal achalasia. Although pneumatic dilatation is recommended as the initial treatment for patients with esophageal achalasia, some authors caution against the use of pneumatic dilatation when esophageal achalasia is complicated by epiphrenic diverticulum. A 49-year old female patient was admitted due to progressive dysphagia for both solid and liquid foods, and weight loss and frequent vomiting. She suffered from Heller's myotomy due to esophageal achalasia 8 years prior. She was diagnosed as having recurrent esophageal achalasia with epiphrenic diverticulum due to incomplete myotomy, using esophagography, esophagogastrodudenoscopy, esophageal manometry, and esopahgeal transit scan. The patient was successfully treated with pneumatic balloon dilatation, and her symptoms markedly improved.
Deglutition Disorders ; Dilatation ; Diverticulum* ; Esophageal Achalasia* ; Esophagus ; Female ; Humans ; Manometry ; Middle Aged ; Vomiting ; Weight Loss

Epiphrenic diverticulum is a relatively rare condition resulting from mucosal herniation through the muscular wall of the esophagus. This pulsion diverticulum is often associated with abnormal esophageal motility such as esophageal achalasia. Although pneumatic dilatation is recommended as the initial treatment for patients with esophageal achalasia, some authors caution against the use of pneumatic dilatation when esophageal achalasia is complicated by epiphrenic diverticulum. A 49-year old female patient was admitted due to progressive dysphagia for both solid and liquid foods, and weight loss and frequent vomiting. She suffered from Heller's myotomy due to esophageal achalasia 8 years prior. She was diagnosed as having recurrent esophageal achalasia with epiphrenic diverticulum due to incomplete myotomy, using esophagography, esophagogastrodudenoscopy, esophageal manometry, and esopahgeal transit scan. The patient was successfully treated with pneumatic balloon dilatation, and her symptoms markedly improved.
Deglutition Disorders ; Dilatation ; Diverticulum* ; Esophageal Achalasia* ; Esophagus ; Female ; Humans ; Manometry ; Middle Aged ; Vomiting ; Weight Loss

No abstract available.
Hair* ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases* ; Tyrosine*