OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the prenatal, perinatal and developmental risk factors of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), compared to unaffected siblings (SIB), and typically developing children (TC). METHODS: Subjects with ADHD, their SIB, and TC were recruited from the child psychiatry outpatient clinic of the Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital. The parents of the children completed questionnaires on perinatal and developmental risk factors. RESULTS: Fifty-eight subjects with ADHD (41 boys, 7.7+/-1.3 years), 21 SIB (8 boys, 8.2+/-1.8 years), and 22 TC (8 boys, 8.5+/-2.1 years) were included. The ADHD group showed higher rates of maternal stress during pregnancy than the SIB group (p=.002), and the ADHD group showed higher rates of familial psychiatric history than the TC (odds ratio, 8.76 ; 95% confidence interval, 1.69 to 45.45). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that among perinatal and developmental factors, maternal stress during pregnancy contribute to the development of ADHD. Future prospective studies will be needed in order to determine the causal relationship between perinatal risk factors and development of ADHD.
Ambulatory Care Facilities ; Child ; Child Psychiatry ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Humans ; Parents ; Pregnancy ; Risk Factors* ; Siblings ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVE: Esthetic brackets which resemble the color of natural teeth have been widely used. But the frictional resistance of ceramic brackets, a typical esthetic bracket, is greater than that of metal brackets. The purpose of this study was to measure the frictional resistance of the new calcium phosphate brackets (CPB) which were recently developed and to evaluate its clinical usability by comparing the frictional differences of CPB with metal brackets and metal slot inserted ceramic brackets. METHODS: Experimental groups were CPB (Hyaline II, Tomy, Tokyo, Japan), metal bracket (Kosaka, Tomy, Tokyo, Japan) and metal slot inserted ceramic bracket (Clarity, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA). All of the brackets had 0.022-inch slot sizes. The brackets were tested with 0.019 x 0.025 inch stainless steel wire (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA). A biologic model was used to simulate the situation which would occur during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Retraction force was applied at a speed of 5 mm/min for 30 seconds. The frictional resistance was measured on a universal testing machine (Instron 4467, Instron, Norwood, MA, USA). RESULTS: CPB showed significantly higher friction than metal brackets (p < 0.05) and lower friction than metal slot inserted ceramic brackets (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: CPB can be considered to be a useful orthodontic esthetic bracket with respect to frictional resistance, as its friction is remarkably lower than that of metal slot inserted ceramic brackets.
Calcium* ; Ceramics ; Friction* ; Models, Biological ; Stainless Steel* ; Tooth

PURPOSE: To investigate the prevalence rate and risk factors for anterior polar cataract. METHODS: We examined the frequency of anterior polar cataract in 603 patients who had undergone cataract operation in the Department of Ophthalmology from July 1999 to July 2000. Moreover, we evaluated retrospectively the risk factor of 628 anterior polar cataracts and compared with that of 302 non-anterior polar cataract as well as with that of 552 non-cataract persons as a control from March 1995 to December 2000. This study defined risk factors related to the cataract formation as birth place, residence, occupation, sun-light exposure, drinking, smoking, systemic disease, long-term used drugs, family history, ocular trauma, glasses, and feminine parity. RESULTS: The prevalence rate of anterior polar cataract was 16.1% in total cataract patients, it had male of 81.4% and female of 18.6%. Average age of anterior polar cataract patients was 51.9 years; below fifty years was 44 patients (45.4%), 50~59 years 28 patients (28.9%), 60~69 years 16 patients (16.5%), over 70 years 9 patients (9.3%). Our findings for multivariate analysis that ocular trauma, intraocular disease in male and diabetes in female were significantly associated with anterior polar cataract. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, 16.1% of total cataract patients had anterior polar cataract; 81.4% was male and 45.5% was below fifty years of age.
Cataract* ; Drinking ; Epidemiologic Studies* ; Eyeglasses ; Female ; Glass ; Humans ; Male ; Multivariate Analysis ; Occupations ; Ophthalmology ; Parity ; Prevalence ; Residence Characteristics ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors* ; Smoke ; Smoking

Purpose: This study investigates the characteristics of different item types to assess learning outcomes and explore the educational implications that can be obtained from the results of learning outcome assessments. Methods: Forty-five second-year premedical students participated in this study. Multiple choice question (MCQ) and short essay question (SEQ) scores and pass rates for 10 learning outcomes were analyzed. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were used to analyze the data. Results: The correlation analysis indicated that there was a significant correlation between SEQs and pass rate but there was no significant correlation between MCQs and pass rate. Some students with identical scores on the MCQs had different scores on the SEQs or on the learning outcomes. Conclusion This study showed that students’ achievement of learning outcomes can be assessed using various types of questions in outcome-based education.

No abstract available.

The patient was a 51 year-old woman suffering fraen dysphagia due to upper esoyhageal lye stricutue whieh had developed as a result of a suicide attempt 21 years ago. Shortly after that, she underwent feeding gastrostomy and has lived in the gastrostomy state for 2l years. After admission, she underwent a barium esophagoram which revealed a near total obstruction at the cricoid cartilage level. Bougie dilatation with American Dilation System was tried on day 3. But the spring tip marked guide wire which was to be used with the American Dilation System could not be passed through the stricuture. Therefore, we performed a bougie dilatation using angiographic guide wire M(H-AG-35in-150 cm) with success. On day 14, she underwent a barium esophagogram which revealed her improved condition, and she was discharged on day 16.
Barium ; Constriction, Pathologic* ; Cricoid Cartilage ; Deglutition Disorders ; Dilatation* ; Female ; Gastrostomy* ; Humans ; Lye* ; Middle Aged ; Suicide

The color stability of current prosthetic composites is unknown, even though the quality of com-posite materials has been improving. This study examined the intrinsic color stability of various current prosthetic resins (ceramic-polymers) after an accelerated aging process and the extrinsic color stability after immersion in a coffee solution. By comparing the amount of dis-coloration after aging with that without aging, the effect of the accelerated aging process on external discoloration could be evaluated. Three current prosthetic composites (Artglass, Targis, Sculpture), one light polymerized direct composite (Z100) and one dental porcelain control (Ceramco) were assessed. The col-or changes (delta E) of all the specimens were determined using the CIE L*a*b* color order system with a reflected spectrophotometer. The results were as follows: 1. The prosthetic composite materials subjected to the accelerated aging test showed no sig-nificant difference in color changes (p> .05). 2. In the coffee solution immersion test after the aging process, the color changes of the Targis and Artglass groups were not different from that of the Z100 group, which showed the highest color change. 3. In the immersion only test, a significantly high color change was observed in the sculpture glazing group. 4. The aging process influenced on the color changes more in the Targis, Artglass and Z100 groups than in the Sculpture and Ceramco groups.
Aging* ; Coffee* ; Dental Porcelain ; Immersion* ; Polymers ; Sculpture

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of two single chest physiotherapies mechanically ventilated patients with acute lung injury.METHOD: Participants were 30 ICU patients depending entirely on ventilators without self-respiration. Each patients received two single chest physiotherapiesvibration palm cup percussion at hour intervals. Data were analyzed one-way ANOVA and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Statistical significance was accepted at a p value less than .05.RESULTS: ibration therapy, dynamic compliance and statics compliance demonstrated a significant increase immediately and remained increased until 30 minutes after chest physiotherapy. palm cum percussion therapy saturation showed a significant increase immediately chest physiotherapyut there were no significant differences in tidal volume, dynamic compliance and statics compliance.CONCLUSION: In this study, we analyzed the effects of oscillation method and palm cup percussion method separately for each type of chest physiotherapy. Nursing interventions that actively utilize vibration methods should be provided to patients with respiratory diseases.
Acute Lung Injury ; Compliance ; Humans ; Lung Compliance ; Methods ; Nursing ; Percussion ; Respiration, Artificial ; Thorax ; Tidal Volume ; Ventilators, Mechanical ; Vibration

Cultured cortical primary astroglia treated with zinc died while rapidly detached from culture plates, a distinct part of zinc-treated astroglia. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism underlying the rapid change in the morphologic integrity of zinc-treated astroglia. Among the early cellular events occurring in zinc-treated astroglia, strong activation of p38 MAPK and JNK was evident. Although inhibitors of p38 (SB203580 and SB202190) or JNK (SP600125) did not protect zinc-insulted astroglia from cell death, the p38 inhibitors, but not the JNK inhibitor, suppressed actin filament and cell morphology disruption. The Ca2+ ionophore, A23187, also suppressed actin filament and cell morphology disruption, but not cell death, of zinc-insulted astroglia. However, A23187 did not inhibit p38 MAPK activation in zinc-treated astroglia. Together these results suggest that zinc influx in astroglia results in rapid loss of the morphologic integrity via mechanisms regulated by p38 kinase and/or Ca2+ signaling.
Actin Cytoskeleton ; Astrocytes ; Calcimycin ; Cell Death ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Phosphotransferases ; Zinc