Il Chun Yu was the first Korean microbiologist and the Korean student who studied in Germany He got the two doctor degree : one in Freiburg University of Germany in 1924 and the other Keio University of Japan in 1926 He became a professor of Kyungsung Medical Junior College in 1926 and as the first grade scholar in the Korean microbiology field He issued many essays in several mass communication media to cultivate people and played an important role in the field of health hygiene by contributing to the improvement of health hygiene.
Germany ; History, 20th Century ; Hygiene/*history ; Korea ; Microbiology/*history ; Typhus, Epidemic Louse-Borne/*history

This article is based on conceptual and methodological understanding of hygienic modernity in the nineteenthcentury Western countries: one is the concept of modern hygiene in the context of modern state and the other is methodological relation of modern hygiene to scientific theory of germ. While modern state calls for the institutionalization of medical police as an administrative tool for consolidating the governmentality what Michel Foucault calls, scientific 'invention' of germ may be considered as 'logical, philosophical and historiographical.' Furthermore, the Meiji medicine men preferred Koch's to Pasteur's laboratory framework, not because the former was scientific than the latter but because Koch's programs were more compatible with imperial needs. The objective of this paper is to investigate four ways in which hygienic modernity had been established in Meiji Japan; (i) how Meiji imperialists perceived and managed to control Japanese hygienic condition, (ii) how Meijileading doctors learned about the German modern system of hygiene to consolidate Meiji empire; (iii) how modern germ theory functioned as the formation of imperial bodies in Meiji period; and (iv) how modern military hygiene contributed to Japanese defeat of Russia. Although I try to contend that modern hygiene was adopted as one of the most significant strategies for intensifying and extending the Meiji empire, this paper has some limits in not identifying how Japanese perception of infectious diseases were culturally adaptive to sciencebased hygienic programs the Meiji administrators had installed.
Communicable Diseases/*history ; Disease Transmission, Infectious/*history ; Germany ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; Hygiene/*history ; Japan ; Philosophy, Medical ; Public Health Administration/*history ; State Medicine/*history

The objective of my article is to investigate how the West had strong interest in tropical diseases and developed tropical medicine and hygiene from the 1870s through the 1910s. Its focus is to identify the geopolitical conditions in which the West constructed 'tropical diseases'to extend its imperial interests into non-Western tropical regions. The article has several specific research tasks: first, I attempt to explore the way in which European people transformed their attitudes toward tropical diseases from the sixteenth century to the 1860s. A variety of writings by European physicians are discussed; the second part shows European change in its domestic sanitary situation in relation to its imperial interests in tropical regions. Sanitary hygiene in metropole and colonies are not separate, but interconnected; third, the paper illuminates how the West responded to the spread of 'Asiatic cholera' in the nineteenth century. Cholera provides a typical example for the West to perceive Asian origin of tropical diseases; finally, the article demonstrates that hygienic governance of tropical diseases is the key to imperial dominion over colonies by taking the Panama Canal as an example. Although several European countries such as Spain, Britain, Germany, and France had strong imperial interests in the Panama Canal that might facilitate trade between the Atlantic and the Pacific, they failed to occupy the canal because of their inability to control high prevalence of malaria and yellow fever. Taking advantage of 'tropical medicine, ' the United States succeeded in taking up the canal by eradicating tropical diseases in the canal. It was owing to the scientific development of tropical hygiene and medicine that the West transformed its pessimistic into optimistic position about the colonization of tropical regions. Tropical diseases became the geopolitical reference for Western conceptualization of Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Pacific.
Tropical Medicine/*history ; Sanitation/history ; Hygiene/*history ; Humans ; History, 20th Century ; History, 19th Century ; Europe ; Colonialism/history ; Cholera/epidemiology/*history ; Attitude of Health Personnel

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to extend the knowledge about two volumes of Kanho Kyokwaseo (Textbook of Nursing) published in 1908 and 1910. METHODS: The books were investigated from the first to the last pages and compared with other textbooks published during the same period. RESULTS: The origin of these books was from Hubinyaoshu (Manual of Nursing) published in China in 1904. They were translated by Edmunds, a missionary nurse from America, and Chang Chai-Sun, a teacher at the first nursing school in Korea, along with inspection by Korean teachers who were fluent in English. Kanho Kyokwaseo are user-friendly textbooks in that they are written mainly in Hangul; Chinese and English are added in cases of explicating western scientific terminology and medical terminology, with notes at the top, on the left, and on the right of the page. The contents emphasize reporting and submission to supervisors and doctors. Surgical nursing occupies the largest chapter. Disinfection and hygiene, the advantages of western modern medicine, are dealt with repeatedly and importantly. CONCLUSION: Kanho Kyokwaseo was widely used as the first and only nursing textbook published before Japanese occupation and as a publication having upgraded the level of textbooks.
Americas ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; China ; Disinfection ; Education, Nursing ; History, Modern 1601- ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Korea ; Missionaries ; Nursing* ; Occupations ; Perioperative Nursing ; Publications ; Schools, Nursing

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to examine the modern history of public health(PH) and suggest a way forward for PH nursing(PHN). METHODS: This paper is a review article that derives results from literature review. RESULTS: In the period of beginning (up to 1944), PHN began as the PH Department was created in the Hygiene Bureau in 1908 and tasks about nurses were legislated. PHN was limited to infectious disease tasks and performed mostly by missionaries. In the period of foundation formation (1945 to 1961), the Republic of Korea was founded, and PH policies and tasks were defined with the establishment of the central government organization and the applicable laws. In the period of foundation establishment (1962 to 1979), the Regional PH Act was amended, and as a result, PH Centers(PHCs) spread across the country. In the period of foundation expansion (1980 to 1994), the PH referral system of PHCs, PH Units, and Primary Health Care Post was established. In the period of organization in each area (1995 to 2005), PH programs reflecting changes in disease structure and public needs for the quality of life. A regional health care plan was launched. In the period of funtion expansion (2006 to present day), Centers for support health living were established. CONCLUSIONS: In the future, PH nurses need to have a macroscopic perspective that views PH through the overall PH system, and to expand from the existing healthcare concept to the national and global healthcare one.
Communicable Diseases ; Delivery of Health Care ; History, Modern 1601- ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hygiene ; Jurisprudence ; Missionaries ; Primary Health Care ; Public Health Nursing* ; Public Health* ; Quality of Life ; Referral and Consultation ; Republic of Korea

This paper focuses on the criticism of tuberculosis statistics published by the Japanese Government-general in colonial Korea and a research on the reality of tuberculosis prevalence by medical doctors from the Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine at Keijo Imperial University (DHPMK). Recent studies have shown that colonial statistics shape the image of colonial subjects and justify the control to them. Following this perspective, this paper explores the process of producing the statistical knowledge of tuberculosis by medical scientists from DHPMK. Their goal was to find out the resistance to tuberculosis as biological characteristics of Korean race/ethnicity. In order to do so, they demonstrated the existence of errors in tuberculosis statistics by the Korean colonial government and devised a statistical method to correct them based on the conviction that the Western modern medicine was superior than Korean traditional medicine as well as the racist bias against Korean. By analyzing how the statistical concepts reflected these prejudices, this paper argues that the statistical knowledge of tuberculosis created images that Japanese people was healthier and stronger than the Korean people and justified the colonial government's control over Korean.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Bias (Epidemiology) ; Disease Resistance ; History, Modern 1601- ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Korea ; Medicine, Korean Traditional ; Methods ; Population Characteristics ; Prejudice ; Prevalence ; Preventive Medicine ; Tuberculosis

This research mainly dealt with sanitation and hygiene related editorials quoted from educational magazines published in Chosun until the Manchurian Incident during the Japanese colonial period. The study revealed that modern Japan became aware of the importance of public sanitation from the late nineteenth century and established modern programs so that schools can comprehensively teach students about sanitation and hygiene so as to enter modern imperial society. Japan particularly introduced and carried out modern physical(gymnastics) education as a means of "complete sanitation and hygiene" to improve students' health. As a result of having two times of war, the Japanese Empire reaffirmed the significance of modern sanitation and hygiene. After colonization of Chosun, Japan organized official educational groups and enlightened the public about sanitation and hygiene through editorials on the educational magazines which the groups had published. In order for schools to promote complete sanitation and hygiene based on modern medicine, Japan actively engaged in suggesting the necessity of physical(gymnastics) education which was critical to human's growth and development. After Japanese Government-General of Korea legislated on school hygiene in 1913, Japanese governments school started hiring school doctors and nurses. They stressed the need of providing sanitation and hygiene education in school to prepare for war in 1910's in advance; highlighted that physical (gymnastics) education should be enforced to help students grow and improve their physical strength from a modern medical point of view. In April, 1919, the Japanese Empire implemented the same instruction to the schools where Chosun people attended. But it was found that the law was not applied well to those schools in effect. The Japanese Empire was seen to proclaim the second educational decree in 1922; proposed international hygienic achievement of the time and comments; enlightened the public by connecting "Fletcherism" of the USA with rice crisis, which was a big social issue back then. In an attempt to complement modern sanitation and hygiene, Japan strongly recommended students appropriate physical gymnastics as the most desirable and complete sanitation method, saying it would help them correct their imbalanced condition-which was found from physical examination - and grow up. They even claimed such an absurd logic that ones whose body did not develop normally tend to become criminals, reflecting the then atmosphere of the society, and considered military gymnastics as one of the most important sanitation and hygiene factors that positively influence growth and development. All the fact that Japan tried hard to apply the practice to students cannot be ignored.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group* ; Atmosphere ; Colon ; Complement System Proteins ; Criminals ; Education ; Growth and Development ; Gymnastics ; History, Modern 1601- ; Humans ; Hygiene* ; Japan ; Jurisprudence ; Korea ; Logic ; Military Personnel ; Periodicals as Topic* ; Physical Education and Training* ; Physical Examination ; Sanitation