No abstract available.
Headache ; Meningeal Carcinomatosis* ; Papilledema*

Computed tomography (CT) exams were conducted to determine the distribution of abdominal fat identified based on the CT number measured in Hounsfield Units (HU) and to measure the volume of the abdominal visceral and subcutaneous fat in minipigs. The relationship between the CT-based fat volumes of several vertebral levels and the entire abdomen and anthropometric data including the sagittal abdominal diameter and waist circumference were evaluated. Moreover, the total fat volumes at the T11, T13, L3, and L5 levels were compared with the total fat volume of the entire abdomen to define the landmark of abdominal fat distribution. Using a single-detector CT, six 6-month-old male minipigs were scanned under general anesthesia. Three radiologists then assessed the HU value of visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat by drawing the region of interest manually at the T11, T13, L1, L3, and L5 levels. The CT number and abdominal fat determined in this way by the three radiologists was found to be correlated (intra-class coefficient = 0.9). The overall HU ranges for the visceral and subcutaneous fat depots were -147.47 to -83.46 and -131.62 to -90.97, respectively. The total fat volume of the entire abdomen was highly correlated with the volume of abdominal fat at the T13 level (r = 0.97, p < 0.0001). These findings demonstrate that the volume of abdominal adipose tissue measured at the T13 level using CT is a strong and reliable predictor of total abdominal adipose volume.
Animals ; *Body Composition ; Male ; Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal/*radiography ; Swine ; Swine, Miniature/growth & development/*physiology ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/*veterinary

The Rejuran(R) is a new filler product made from purified polynucleotides. Here we present data from an animal study and a clinical trial to examine the durability, efficacy and safety of the Rejuran(R) on crow's feet. For the animal study, 25 mice were divided into three groups: Group 1 received phosphate buffered saline (PBS); Group 2 were treated with Yvoire(R); and Group 3 were treated with Rejuran(R). The durability and efficacy of each treatment were assessed by microscopy and staining. In the clinical trial, 72 patients were randomized to receive Rejuran(R) treatment for crow's feet on one side and Yvoire-Hydro(R) on the contralateral side, at a ratio of 1:1. Repeated treatments were performed every two weeks for a total of three times, over a total of 12 weeks' observation. All injections and observations of efficacy and safety were performed by the same two investigators. In the animal study, the Rejuran(R) group showed similar durability and inflammatory response to the Yvoire(R) group. Upon efficacy assessment, the Rejuran(R) group showed the greatest elasticity and collagen composition, and a significant difference in skin surface roughness and wrinkle depth. In the clinical trial, the primary and secondary objective efficacy outcome measure showed no statistical significance between the two groups, and in safety outcomes there were no unexpected adverse effects. Our data suggest that the Rejuran(R), as a new regenerative filler, can be useful to reduce wrinkles, by showing evidence for its efficacy and safety.
Adult ; Animals ; Dermatologic Surgical Procedures/*methods ; Double-Blind Method ; Elasticity/drug effects ; Female ; Humans ; Hyaluronic Acid/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; Injections, Intradermal ; Male ; Mice ; Middle Aged ; Polynucleotides/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; Skin ; Skin Aging ; Surgery, Plastic/*methods ; Treatment Outcome ; Wound Healing

Along with the multiple neuroprotective effect, recent studies suggest that gintonin might increase the blood brain barrier permeability. We evaluated the effect of gintonin on the vascular permeability changes in different brain segments, using dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this 8-week, randomized, open label pilot study, ten participants with subjective memory impairment but preserved cognitive function assigned to gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF) 300 mg/day or placebo groups. Korean versions of the Alzheimer's disease assessment scale (ADAS-K) and DCE-MRI parameters including Ktrans and Vp in different brain segments were evaluated at baseline and at 8 weeks after treatment. Nine participants completed the study protocol. No adverse events occurred during the observation period for 8 weeks in both groups. Following gintonin administration, increment trends of the brain permeability that did not reach a statistical significance were observed in the left hippocampus (Ktrans and Vp , both, p = 0.062), left thalamus and in left putamen (Ktrans , p = 0.062), and left insula and right amygdala (Vp , p = 0.062), but not in the control placebo group. The increment of the Ktrans value in the left thalamus from the baseline was highly correlated with the change of the ADAS scores (r = −0.900, p = 0.037). Gintonin might enhance the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability in the brain structures involved in cognitive functions. Further efficacy exploration for the synergistic effect of gintonin's BBB permeability enhancement to its other cognitive enhancing mechanisms are warranted.

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common neurological illness marked by a strong desire to move one’s legs, usually in association with uncomfortable sensations. Recent studies have investigated brain networks and connectivity in RLS. The advent of network analysis has greatly improved our understanding of the brain and various neurological disorders. A few studies have investigated alterations in functional connectivity in patients with RLS. This article reviews functional connectivity studies of patients with RLS, which have identified significant alterations relative to healthy controls in several brain networks including thalamic, salience, default-mode, and small-world networks. In addition, network changes related to RLS treatment have been found, including to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcutaneous spinal cord direct-current stimulation, and dopaminergic drugs. These findings suggest that the underlying pathogenesis of RLS includes alterations in the functional connectivity in the brain and that RLS is a network disorder.