In order to study the regional distribution and relative frequency of the immunoreactive endocrine cells in the pancreatic islets of the Mongolian gerbil, pancreatic sections of Meriones unguiculatus were immunostained using an immunohistochemical (PAP) method with four types of specific antisera against insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and human pancreatic polypeptide (PP). The pancreatic islets were subdivided into three portions (central region, mantle zone and peripheral region) according to their composition of immunoreactive cells. Spherical to spindle shaped insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and PP-immunoreactive cells were observed in this study. Insulin-immunoreactive cells were present in the central regions with high frequency, and a few of these cells were also demonstrated in the mantle zones. Glucagon-immunoreactive cells were mainly restricted to the mantle zones. However, rare examples were found in the peripheral regions. As for the glucagon-immunoreactive cells, somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were detected in the mantle zones and peripheral regions with moderate and rare frequencies, respectively. PP-immunoreactive cells were found in the mantle zones and peripheral regions with rare and moderate frequencies, respectively. In the mantle and the peripheral regions, cytoplasmic process of glucagon-, somatostatin- and PP-immunoreactive cells were intermingled. In conclusion, the regional distribution of endocrine cells in the pancreatic islets of Mongolian gerbil was found to be similar to that of other mammals, especially other rodents, except for the topographical different distribution of somatostatin which differs that of other rodents.
Animals ; Gerbillinae ; Glucagon/analysis ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry/methods/veterinary ; Insulin/analysis ; Islets of Langerhans/anatomy & histology/*cytology ; Pancreatic Polypeptide/analysis ; Somatostatin/analysis

The regional distribution and relative frequency of some endocrine cells in the principal pancreatic islets of two teleosts, Silurus asotus Linne (Siluridae) and Siniperca scherzeri Steindachner (Centropomidae), which have similar feeding habits, were observed using specific antisera against insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and bovine pancreatic polypeptide (bovine PP) using the peroxidase antiperoxidase (PAP) method. Spherical to spindle shaped cells were demonstrated in the principal pancreatic islets in both species of teleost fishes. However, they were not detected in the exocrine portions nor the pancreatic ducts. Insulin-immunoreactive cells were located in the central regions of the principal pancreatic islets at high frequency in both species. Glucagonimmunoreactive cells were restricted to the peripheral regions of the principal pancreatic islets in both species. They formed a mantle zone in the peripheral regions of Silurus asotus with moderate frequency, and occupied a narrower mantle zone in Siniperca scherzeri with moderate frequency. In addition, glucagonimmunoreactive cell cores were also found in the peripheral zone of some principal pancreatic islets of Siniperca scherzeri. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were dispersed in the central zone of the principal pancreatic islets of Silurus asotus with moderate frequency, but were located in the peripheral regions with low frequency in Siniperca scherzeri. Bovine PPimmunoreactive cells were found in the peripheral region and the mantle zone of the principal pancreatic islets with low and rare frequency, respectively in both species. In conclusion, the regional distribution and relative frequency of endocrine cells in the principal pancreatic islets of Silurus asotus showed general patterns similar to those of other teleostean fishes. But, some speciesdependent distributional patterns and/or relative frequencies, particularly in glucagon-, somatostatin- and bovine PP-immunoreactive cells, were detected in the principal pancreatic islets of Siniperca scherzeri
Animals ; Catfishes/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Cattle ; Glucagon/analysis/immunology ; Immune Sera/diagnostic use/immunology ; Immunohistochemistry/veterinary ; Insulin/analysis/immunology ; Islets of Langerhans/*cytology/physiology ; Pancreatic Polypeptide/analysis/immunology ; Perciformes/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Somatostatin/analysis/immunology

The cauda equina syndrome is a relatively uncommon, but serious complication. And it can have grave long-term consequences for the patient. The purpose of the study is to analyse the causes, clinical courses and to find the methods of prevention of cauda equina syndrome following lumbar spine surgery. We reviewed 6 cases among 287 patients wbo had been operated on and followed for minimum 12 months at Seoul Adventist Hospital from March 1991 to March 1996. The obtained results were as follows. 1. All six cases was noted only in patients who had operative procedures for spinal stenosis and possible causes were 3 cases of epidural hamatoma, 1 case of unrecognized and recurred disc herniation, 1 case of retained ligament flavum and 1 case of pseudomeningocele formation due to unrecognized dura tear. 2. Progressive neurologic deficits, decreased perianal sensation and loss of anal wink were present in all cases and were diagnostic. 3. Only three cases which were occurred within 24 hours and early treated within 12 hours, had no specific residual neurologic deficits. In conclusion, it is recommended that operators should be very cautious during the spine surgery. And also early recognition and surgical decompression is very important. During early postoperative periods, only repeated and regular neurologic examinations will enable early diagnosis and treatment to reduce permanent neurological damage.
Cauda Equina* ; Decompression, Surgical ; Early Diagnosis ; Humans ; Ligaments ; Neurologic Examination ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Polyradiculopathy* ; Postoperative Period ; Sensation ; Seoul ; Spinal Stenosis ; Spine* ; Surgical Procedures, Operative

Ganglion cyst of the spinal facet joint is rare. It is believed that ganglion cysts on the dorsal aspect of the facet joints are asymptomatic and therefore are not clinically appreciated. But we have experienced a patient who had severe low-back and buttock pain and diagnosed as ganglion cyst located on the dorsal aspect of the right side facet joint between the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae. The treatment was surgical excision of the cyst and resulted in a satisfactory recovery. The differential diagnosis involving herniated lumbar intervertebral disc should not exclude ganglion cyst of the dorsal aspect of the lumbar facet joint.
Buttocks ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Ganglion Cysts* ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc ; Lumbar Vertebrae ; Zygapophyseal Joint*

The regional distributions and frequencies of argyrophil endocrine cells in gastrointestinal (GI) tract of osteoporotic Sprague-Dawley rat induced by ovariectomy were studied using Grimelius silver stain. The experimental animals were divided into two groups, one is non-ovariectomized group (Sham) and the other is ovariectomized group (OVX). Samples were collected from each part of GI tract (fundus, pylorus, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon and rectum) at 10th week after ovariectomy or sham operation. In this study, argyrophil cells were detected throughout the entire GI tract with various frequencies regardless of ovariectomy. Most of these argyrophil cells in the mucosa of GI tract were generally spherical or spindle in shape (open type cell) while cells showing round in shape (close type cell) were found occasionally in gastric and/or intestinal gland regions. The regional distributions of GI argyrophil endocrine cells in OVX were similar to those of Sham. However, significant decreases of argyrophil cells were detected in OVX compared to those of Sham except for the pylorus, jejunum and cecum. In pylorus and jejunum, argyrophil cells in OVX dramatically decreased compared to those of Sham but significances were not recorded. In addition, argyrophil cells in cecum of OVX showed similar frequency compared to that of Sham. The endocrine cells are the anatomical units responsible for the production of gut hormones that regulate gut motility and digestion including absorption, and a change in their density would reflect the change in the capacity of producing these hormones and regulating gut motility and digestion. Ovariectomy induced severe quantitative changes of GI argyrophil endocrine cell density, and the abnormality in density of GI endocrine cells may contribute to the development of gastrointestinal symptoms in osteoporosis such as impairments of calcium and some lipids, frequently encountered in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Enteroendocrine Cells/*pathology ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Tract/*pathology ; Histocytochemistry/veterinary ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Intestinal Mucosa/pathology ; Osteoporosis/*pathology ; Ovariectomy ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Silver Nitrate/chemistry ; Silver Staining/veterinary ; Statistics, Nonparametric

The regional distributions and frequencies of argyrophil endocrine cells in gastrointestinal (GI) tract of Balb/c-nu/ nu mouse were studied using Grimelius silver stain after abdominal subcutaneous implantation of COLO205. The experimental animals were divided into two groups, one is non-implanted group (Sham) and the other is COLO205-implanted group. Samples were collected from GI tract (fundus, pylorus, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon and rectum) at 21 days after implantation of COLO205 cells (1x10(6) cell/mouse). In this study, argyrophil cells were detected throughout the entire GI tract with various frequencies regardless of implantation. Most of these argyrophil cells in the mucosa of GI tract were generally spherical or spindle in shape (open type cell) while cells showing round in shape (close type cell) were found occasionally in gastric and/or intestinal gland regions. The regional distributions of argyrophil cells in COLO205 were similar to those of Sham. However, significant decreases of argyrophil cells were detected in COLO205 compared to those of Sham except for the jejunum and ileum. In the jejunum and ileum, argyrophil cells in COLO205 showed similar frequencies compared to those of Sham. In the pylorus, the most dramatically decreasement of argyrophil cells were detected in COLO205 compared to that of Sham. Implantation of COLO205 tumor cell line induced severe quantitative changes of argyrophil cell density, and the abnormality in density of GI endocrine cells may contribute to the development of gastrointestinal symptoms such as anorexia and indigestion, frequently encountered in patients with cancer.
Animals ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Colonic Neoplasms/*ultrastructure ; Enteroendocrine Cells/*ultrastructure ; Female ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Nude ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Silver Staining

The regional distribution and relative frequency of the pancreatic endocrine cells in the C57BL/6 mouse were studied by immunohistochemical method using four types of specific mammalian antisera against insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and human pancreatic polypeptide (PP). The pancreas of mouse could be divided into three portions; pancreatic islets, pancreatic duct and exocrine portions, and pancreatic islets were further subdivided into three regions (central, mantle and peripheral regions) according to their located types of immunoreactive cells and pancreatic duct portions were also subdivided into two regions (epithelial and connective tissue regions). In the pancreatic islet portions, although some cells were also demonstrated in the mantle regions, most of insulin-immunoreactive cells were located in the central regions and they were randomly dispersed in the whole pancreatic islets. Glucagon-immunoreactive cells were detected in the mantle and peripheral regions. Their relative frequencies in the peripheral regions were somewhat numerous than those of the mantle regions. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were detected in the mantle and peripheral regions. However, no PP-immunoreactive cells were demonstrated in the pancreatic islets of C57BL/6 mouse. In the pancreatic duct portions, rare glucagon-immunoreactive cells were situated in the epithelial regions. Cell clusters that consisted of glucagon- or somatostatin- immunoreactive cells were found in some case of connective tissue regions of pancreatic ducts. However, insulin- and PP-immunoreactive cells were not detected in the epithelial nor connective tissue regions. In the exocrine portions, all four types of immunoreactive cells except for PP cells were demonstrated in the C57BL/6 mouse. However, no PP-immunoreactive cells were demonstrated. In conclusion, regional distribution of endocrine cells in the pancreas of C57BL/6 mouse was similar to that of mammals, especially other rodents except for topographically different distribution of endocrine cells compared to that of other rodents.
Animals ; Female ; Glucagon/metabolism ; Immunohistochemistry ; Insulin/metabolism ; Islets of Langerhans/cytology/*metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL/*metabolism ; Pancreatic Polypeptide/metabolism ; Somatostatin/metabolism

The changes on the regional distributions and frequencies of two types of chromogranin, chromogranin A (CGA) and bovine Sp-1 chromogranin (BCG)-immunoreactive (IR)cells in gastrointestinal (GI)tract of osteoporotic Sprague-Dawley rat induced by ovariectomy were studied by immunohistochemical methods. The experimental animals were divided into two groups, one is non-ovariectomized group (Sham)and the other is ovariectomized group (OVX). Samples were collected from each part of GI tract at 10th week after ovariectomy or sham operation. CGA-IR cells were restricted to the stomach regions with various frequencies regardless of ovariectomy except for the fundus of OVX in which no cells were detected. In addition, BCG-IR cells were also restricted to the pylorus and duodenum regardless of ovariectomy. A significantly decrease of CGA IR cells was detected in OVX compared to that of Sham in both fundus and pylorus, and BCG-IR cells were also significantly decreased in the duodenum(p<0. 05). However, in the pylorus, BCG-IR cells in OVX showed similar frequency compared to that of Sham. In conclusion, the abnormality in density of chromogranin, a generally used GI endocrine cell marker, detected in this study may contribute to the development of GI symptoms in osteoporosis such as impairments of calcium and some lipids, frequently encountered in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Animals ; Chromogranin A ; Chromogranins/*metabolism ; Female ; Gastric Mucosa/*metabolism/pathology ; Gene Expression Regulation/physiology ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins/*metabolism ; Immunohistochemistry ; Intestinal Mucosa/*metabolism/pathology ; Models, Animal ; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/*metabolism/pathology ; Ovariectomy ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

The distributions and frequencies of some endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of ddY mice were studied with immunohistochemical method using 7 types of antisera against bovine chromogranin (BCG), serotonin, gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK)-8, somatostatin, glucagon and human pancreatic polypeptide (HPP). All of 7 types of immunoreactive (IR) cells were identified. Most of IR cells in the intestinal portion were generally spherical or spindle in shape (open typed cell) while cells showing round in shape (close typed cell) were found in the intestinal gland and stomach regions occasionally. Their relative frequencies were varied according to each portion of GI tract. BCG-IR cells were demonstrated throughout whole GI tract except for the cecum and they were most predominant in the fundus and pylorus. Serotonin-IR cells were detected throughout whole GI tract and they were most predominant cell types in this species of mice. Gastrin-IR cells were restricted to the pylorus and CCK-8-IR cells were demonstrated in the pylorus, duodenum and jejunum with numerous frequencies in the pylorus. Somatostatin-IR cells were detected throughout whole GI tract except for the cecum and rectum and they showed more numerous frequencies in the stomach regions. In addition, glucagon-IR cells were restricted to the fundus, duodenum and jejunum with rare frequencies, and HPP-IR cells were restricted to the rectum only with rare frequency. In conclusion, some strain-dependent unique distributional patterns of gastrointestinal endocrine cells were found in GI tract of ddY mice.
Animals ; Biological Markers/analysis ; Cholecystokinin/analysis ; Chromogranins/analysis ; Enteroendocrine Cells/*cytology/immunology ; Female ; Gastrins/analysis ; Glucagon/analysis ; Immunoenzyme Techniques ; Mice ; Pancreatic Polypeptide/analysis ; Protein Precursors/analysis ; Serotonin/analysis

The regional distribution and relative frequency of insulin-, glucagon-, somatostatin- and pancreatic polypeptide (PP)-producing endocrine cells in the pancreas of BALB/c mouse were investigated by immunohistochemical method. The pancreas of mice was divided into two portions; pancreatic islets and exocrine portions, and pancreatic islets were further subdivided into two regions (central and peripheral regions) and the relative frequency and regional distribution of immunoreactive cells against insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and PP antisera were monitored. In the pancreatic islet portions, insulin-immunoreactive cells were located in the central regions and they were randomly dispersed in the whole pancreatic islets in some case of the small islets. Quite different from those of other mammals, glucagon-immunoreactive cells were dispersed throughout central to peripheral regions in case of large islets and in the smaller ones, most of these cells were situated in the peripheral regions. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were detected in the peripheral regions with various frequencies. Although some cells were demonstrated in the central regions of pancreatic islets, most of PP-immunoreactive cells were located in the peripheral regions. In the exocrine portions, all four types of immunoreactive cells were demonstrated in the BALB/c mouse. Some peculiar distributional patterns of pancreatic endocrine cells were found in BALB/c mouse, especially in case of glucagon-immunoreactive cells.
Animals ; Female ; Glucagon/*metabolism ; Immunohistochemistry/veterinary ; Insulin/metabolism ; Islets of Langerhans/cytology/*metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C/*metabolism ; Pancreatic Polypeptide/metabolism ; Somatostatin/metabolism