The term 'rhombencephalitis' refers to inflammatory diseases affecting the hindbrain. We experienced a case of rhombencephalitis in a 14 years old girl, who presented with fever, headache, and intractable hiccup for one week prior to admission. Brain MRI on admission showed bilateral high signal intensities in the dorsal portion of the medulla oblongata on T2WI and FLAIR. Examination of cerebrospinal fluid showed increased WBC count (33/mm3, Lymphocyte 81%), normal protein and glucose level. Immunoserologic study showed decreased C3, C4 level and increased Anti-ds DNA level. However, FANA was negative. The hiccup was controlled by administration of IVIG (1 g/kg/day for 2 days) and steroid (30 mg/kg/day for 3days) without any neurologic symptoms. We report a case with the brief review of related literatures.
Brain ; DNA ; Encephalitis ; Fever ; Glucose ; Headache ; Hiccup ; Immunoglobulins, Intravenous ; Lymphocytes ; Medulla Oblongata ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Rhombencephalon

BACKGROUND: Intrathecal gabapentin is effective on nociceptive states evoked by tissue injury. In addition, gabapentin interacts synergistically with clonidine at the spinal level, suggesting that a mechanism of gabapentin may be related to spinal adrenoceptors. However, it has not been established whether this drug is associated with cholinergic receptors. The aim of this study was to examine the role of spinal adrenergic and cholinergic receptors on the antinociceptive action of intrathecal gabapentin. METHODS: Rats were implanted with lumbar intrathecal catheters. For a nociceptive test, 50nl of 5% formalin solution was injected into the hindpaw. The effect of intrathecal gabapentin, administered 10 min before the formalin injection, was assessed. Next, antagonistic effects of intrathecal prazosin, yohimbine, atropine and mecamylamine for the action of intrathecal gabapentin were evaluated. RESULTS: Formalin injection caused a biphasic incidence of flinching of the injected paw. Intrathecal gabapentin produced a dose-dependent suppression of only the phase 2 flinching response in the formalin test. Intrathecal atropine, but not prazosin, yohimbine nor mecamylamine, reversed the antinociception of intrathecal gabapentin. CONCLUSIONS: The antinociceptive effect of intrathecal gabapentin on facilitated states may be mediated through the muscarinic receptor but by neither the nicotinic receptor nor the adrenergic receptor at the spinal level.
Animals ; Atropine ; Catheters ; Cholinergic Antagonists* ; Clonidine ; Formaldehyde ; Incidence ; Mecamylamine ; Nociception ; Pain Measurement ; Prazosin ; Rats ; Receptors, Adrenergic ; Receptors, Cholinergic ; Receptors, Muscarinic ; Receptors, Nicotinic ; Spinal Cord ; Yohimbine

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The effect of entecavir (ETV) in treatment-naive chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is well established. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of ETV treatment at 0.5 mg/day in ETV-switch and ETV-retreatment groups of CHB patients without lamivudine (LMV)-resistance from LMV monotherapy. METHODS: Study subjects included 350 CHB patients who had been treated with 0.5 mg/day of ETV for at least 6 months. Patients were divided into two groups: an LMV-naive group (n = 263) and an LMV-experienced group (n = 87). The LMV-experienced group was further subdivided into an ETV-switch group (n = 43) and an ETV-retreatment group (n = 44) defined by the period between stopping LMV and restarting ETV. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in mean age, sex ratio, prevalence of liver cirrhosis and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positivity between the LMV-naive and -experienced groups. However, the LMV-naive group had higher aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and a shorter ETV treatment duration than the LMV-experienced group. There were also distributional differences in the hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels of LMV-naive and -experienced patients prior to ETV treatment. After ETV treatment, there were no significant differences between the two groups in the rates of undetectable HBV DNA at 6, 12 and 18 months; HBeAg loss and seroconversion; normalization of ALT; virologic breakthrough; and ETV-genotypic resistance. Lastly, the effect of ETV did not differ between the ETV-switch and -retreatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of ETV in the LMV-experienced group without LMV-resistance did not differ from that in the LMV-naive group. Furthermore, there was no difference in the effect of ETV between the ETV-switch and -retreatment groups.
Alanine Transaminase ; Aspartate Aminotransferases ; DNA ; Guanine ; Hepatitis B ; Hepatitis B e Antigens ; Hepatitis B virus ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; Hepatitis, Chronic ; Humans ; Lamivudine ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Prevalence ; Sex Ratio

PURPOSE: Continuous intravenous access is imperative in emergency situations. Ultrasound-guided internal jugular vein (IJV) catheterization was investigated in critically ill pediatric patients to assess the feasibility of the procedure. METHODS: Patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit between February 2011 and September 2012 were enrolled in this study. All patients received a central venous catheter from attending house staff under ultrasound guidance. Outcome measures included successful insertion of the catheter, cannulation time, number of cannulation attempts, and number and type of resulting complications. RESULTS: Forty-one central venous catheters (93.2%) were successfully inserted into 44 patients (21 males and 23 females; mean age, 6.54+/-1.06 years). Thirty-three patients (75.0%) had neurological disorders. The right IJV was used for catheter insertion in 34 cases (82.9%). The mean number of cannulation attempts and the mean cannulation time was 1.57+/-0.34 and 14.07+/-1.91 minutes, respectively, the mean catheter dwell time was 14.73+/-2.5 days. Accidental catheter removal was observed in 9 patients (22.0%). Six patients (13.6%) reported complications, the most serious being catheter-related sepsis, which affected 1 patient (2.3%). Other complications included 2 reported cases of catheter malposition (4.6%), and 1 case each of arterial puncture (2.3%), pneumothorax (2.3%), and skin infection (2.3%). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that ultrasound-guided IJV catheterization can be performed easily and without any serious complications in pediatric patients, even when performed by visiting house staff. Therefore, ultrasound-guided IJV catheterization is strongly recommended for critically ill pediatric patients.
Catheterization* ; Catheters* ; Central Venous Catheters ; Child ; Critical Illness* ; Emergencies ; Female ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Internship and Residency ; Jugular Veins* ; Male ; Nervous System Diseases ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care) ; Pneumothorax ; Punctures ; Sepsis ; Skin ; Ultrasonography

The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene DD homozygote has been suggested to be a significant risk factor for the progression of diabetic nephropathy. We analyzed clinical parameters and ACE genotype distribution between type 2 diabetic patients at the extremes of renal risk, i.e. an end-stage renal failure (ESRF) group (n = 103, group 1) who were on dialysis therapy due to progression of diabetic nephropathy, and a no progression group (n = 88, group 2) who had maintained normal renal function and normoalbuminuria for more than 15 years. There were no significant differences in age, sex, body mass index, HbA1c level, or lipid profiles between the two groups (p > 0.05). Group 1 had a significantly higher prevalence of hypertension [group 1: 82.5% (85/103) vs. group 2: 50.0% (44/88), p < 0.05] and diabetic retinopathy [group 1: 103/103 (100%) vs. group 2: 28/88 (31.8%), p < 0.05] than group 2. Daily urinary albumin excretion was also higher in group 1 than in group 2 [group 1: 2873 +/- 2176 mg/day vs. 12 +/- 7 g/day, p < 0.05]. The frequencies of the DD, ID, and II genotypes of the ACE gene in group 1 and group 2 were 26.2%, 47.6%, and 26.2%, and 7.9%, 57.9%, and 34.2%, respectively. The ACE genotype frequencies between the two groups were significantly different according to a chi-square test with Bonferroni's correction (p = 0.004). The presence of the DD genotype increased the risk of ESRF 4.286-fold compared to the II genotype [odds ratio 4.286, 95% CI 1.60- 11.42, p = 0.005]. The frequency of the D-allele was higher in both male and female patients in group 1 compared to group 2, but reached statistical significance only in males [male, group 1: 50.8% vs. group 2: 35.0%, p = 0.018, female, group 1: 48.8% vs. group 2: 39.5%, p = 0.231]. This study, although limited by sample size, showed that type 2 diabetic ESRF patients more frequently expressed the DD genotype. These findings may substantiate the previously noted relationship between the ACE DD genotype and the progression of diabetic nephropathy in Korean type 2 diabetic patients.
Renal Dialysis ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/*genetics/metabolism ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/diagnosis/*genetics ; Humans ; Homozygote ; Gene Frequency ; Female ; Diabetic Nephropathies/diagnosis/*genetics ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis/*genetics ; Aged

We report on an unusual case with infiltrating extradural spinal angiolipoma. Most spinal angiolipomas involve the thoracic spine and infiltrating ones are also located mainly at the thoracic levels rather than lumbar lesion. In particular, there are few cases of lumbar extradural infiltrating type spinal angiolipoma. One case is that of a 52-year-old female with infiltrating extradural spinal angiolipoma involving lumbar 4 (L4) vertebra, who underwent a L4-5 laminectomy and surgical removal of the tumor. We achieved satisfactory results with surgical treatment of the patient. Spinal angiolipoma has a benign course with a good postoperative outcome.
Angiolipoma* ; Female ; Humans ; Laminectomy ; Middle Aged ; Spine*

OBJECTIVE: Hemodialysis patients may have psychological distress and reduced quality of life (QoL) related to chronic physical health problems. Genetic polymorphisms associated with reduced QoL in hemodialysis patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between genetic polymorphisms and variation in health-related QoL in Korean hemodialysis patients. METHODS: The 36-item Short-Form Health Survey and the Korean Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were used to assess health-related QoL and psychological distress, respectively. Twenty hundred and five clinically stable patients from 6 hemodialysis centers have participated with informed consents. Sociodemographic factors, clinical factors, and genotypes of serotonin 1A receptor, brain-derived neurotrophic factors, and glucocorticoid receptor were assessed. Independent t-tests, correlation analyses, multiple regression analyses were performed for statistical analyses. RESULTS: The serotonin 1A receptor CC genotype group showed significantly higher physical and mental QoL levels than those with the GG/GC genotypes. In the final linear regression analysis, serotonin 1A receptor CC genotype was significantly associated with positive physical and mental QoL levels. CONCLUSION: ConclusionaaSerotonin 1A receptor polymorphism, as well as age and depression, were significantly associated with mental and physical QoL in hemodialysis patients. Functional activity in the serotonin receptor system may have a modulating effect on health-related QoL in hemodialysis patients.
Anxiety ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; Depression ; Genotype ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Quality of Life* ; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A* ; Receptors, Glucocorticoid ; Renal Dialysis* ; Serotonin*

Puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) -induced nephrosis is a well-described model of human idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, but the mechanism of PAN's effect is not completely understood. To investigate whether proteinuria in the PAN model is associated with an alteration of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) expression within the glomeruli, and whether cyclosporin A (CsA) has an effect on proteinuria and ZO-1 expression in this model, eighteen Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were assigned into three groups. Twelve rats received a single intraperitoneal injection of PAN (15 mg/100 g). The other six rats received an equal volume of saline (normal control group; control). CsA solution was administered intraperitoneally once a day for 20 days after the PAN injection (n=6, PAN+CsA). The remaining six rats received PAN, but they didn't receive CsA (n=6, PAN). Compared to control rats (35.1 +/- 5.4 mg/day), the 24-hour urinary protein excretion on day 18 was significantly higher in the PAN rats (1021.9 +/- 128.9 mg/day, p< 0.01), and the CsA treatment partly reversed the increase in proteinuria in the PAN rats (556.4 +/- 102.3 mg/day, p< 0.05). Glomerular ZO-1 protein expressions were significantly increased in the PAN rats as compared to the control group on day 20 (176%, p< 0.01). CsA treatment for 20 days in the PAN rats inhibited the increase in ZO-1 protein expression by 71.1% (p< 0.05). CsA treatment significantly diminished the glomerular ZO-1 expression in the PAN rats as assessed by immunohistochemistry. CsA treatment significantly reduced proteinuria and the diminished glomerular ZO-1 expression in a PAN nephrosis rat model. These findings suggest the potential role of the slit diaphragm associated proteins in the development of the nephrotic syndrome, and CsA decreased the proteinuria probably by a direct action on the expression of these proteins in podocytes. Further investigations are needed to clarify the role of slit diaphragm associated proteins in the development of PAN nephrosis.
Animals ; Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic ; Cyclosporine/*pharmacology ; Immunosuppressive Agents/*pharmacology ; Kidney Glomerulus/*drug effects/metabolism ; Male ; Membrane Proteins/*metabolism ; Nephrosis/chemically induced/*drug therapy/*metabolism ; Phosphoproteins/*metabolism ; Puromycin Aminonucleoside ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Toxocariasis rarely causes a liver abscess. We assessed clinical and laboratory manifestations as well as therapeutic responses in patients with toxocariasis presenting as a liver abscess. METHODS: Fourteen patients with toxocariasis presenting as a liver abscess were analyzed retrospectively. Symptoms, occupational history, dietary habits, contact with pets, allergic disease, peripheral eosinophil count, serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) level, and invasion to other organs were evaluated. After treatment with albendazole, follow-up was conducted with abdominal computed tomography (CT) and the measurement of serum eosinophil and IgE levels. RESULTS: Among 568 patients with a liver abscess, 14 were diagnosed with active toxocariasis. The mean age of the patients was 48 years, and nine (64%) were men. Four (28.6%) patients had pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen or epigastric area, one had cough, and the others (64.3%) had no symptom. Pulmonary involvement was noted in five patients and colon involvement in one. Six (42.9%) patients had a recent history of eating raw meat. Initial laboratory findings showed increased eosinophil and IgE levels in all patients. The initial CT showed one or multiple ill-defined, hypodense lesions in the liver. After 1 month of albendazole treatment, eosinophil counts were normalized or had decreased in 13 (93%) patients. On follow-up CT, liver abscesses disappeared within 6 months after therapy in 92% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Symptoms, laboratory findings, and treatment of a liver abscess caused by toxocariasis differ from those of a pyogenic liver abscess. Early serologic testing may increase diagnostic yield and efficacy of treatment in patients with a liver abscess and peripheral eosinophilia.
Abdomen ; Albendazole ; Colon ; Cough ; Eating ; Eosinophilia ; Eosinophils ; Follow-Up Studies ; Food Habits ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E ; Immunoglobulins ; Liver ; Liver Abscess ; Liver Abscess, Pyogenic ; Male ; Meat ; Retrospective Studies ; Serologic Tests ; Toxocariasis

PURPOSE: Adiponectin (ADPN) has been known to protect against cardiovascular disease (CVD) in metabolic syndrome with normal renal function for its anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic property. However, it is still unclear whether ADPN is associated with cardiovascular outcomes in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. METHODS: This study included 80 non-diabetic ESRD patients [mean age, 52.8+/-13.7 years; dialysis duration, 67.1+/-52.0 months; hemodialysis (HD), 35 pts; peritoneal dialysis (PD), 45 pts] who survived for more than 3 months after the start of dialysis, and serum ADPN levels were measured at the beginning of the study. We conducted a longitudinal follow-up to evaluate the association of serum ADPN level with cardiovascular outcomes for 29.3+/-6.7 months. RESULTS: ADPN was inversely correlated with fasting serum insulin (r=-0.309, p=0.006) and HOMA-IR (r=-0.321, p=0.004) in ESRD patients. In a multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for age, gender, waist to hip ratio (WHR), and HDL-cholesterol, HOMA-IR (beta=-0.880, p=0.041) was an independent factor associated with serum ADPN level. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that patients with higher ADPN levels (> or =15.8 microgram/mL) had a significantly higher survival rate compared with lowers (<15.8 microgram/mL) (p=0.032). Cox proportional hazard model adjusted for age, WHR, creatinine, CRP, and previous CVD history revealed that serum ADPN level (HR, 0.899; 95% CI, 0.818-0.987; p=0.026) was an independent determinant of cardiovascular outcomes. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that lower ADPN levels independently predict cardiovascular events in non-diabetic ESRD patients.
Adiponectin ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Creatinine ; Dialysis ; Fasting ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Insulin ; Kaplan-Meier Estimate ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; Linear Models ; Peritoneal Dialysis ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Renal Dialysis ; Survival Rate ; Waist-Hip Ratio