In Korea, the cause of lung disease of unknown origin was identified as humidifier disinfectants in November 2011. In February 2017, the ‘Special Act on Remedy for Damage Caused by Humidifier Disinfectants’ was promulgated. Even though emotional and mental injuries caused by humidifier disinfectants have been reported, the focus of the special act has been on physical injury only, and criteria for recognizing mental health impact have not been considered. This case considers emotional and mental injury caused by humidifier disinfectants. After a humidifier disinfectant was used from January 2005 to April 2006, the patient's son aged 20 months was hospitalized with respiratory symptoms, and he died within two weeks. Also, the patient was hospitalized for a month with the same symptoms, and then she led a normal life with no symptoms. After both mother and son were diagnosed with definite (level 1) humidifier disinfectant lung injury (HDLI) in 2017, she took to drinking alcohol because of extreme guilt over her son's death. In March 2018 she died from acute liver failure due to alcohol use disorder. The patient's death was caused by continuous alcoholism, due to emotional and mental trauma caused by her son's death after HDLI was revealed as the cause. The government did not acknowledge her death was due to humidifier disinfectants, but the company that sold the humidifier disinfectants recognized her as a victim and compensated the family of the victim. There are still lots of psychological responses among humidifier disinfectant disaster victims. Mental health impact on humidifier disinfectant victims should be considered more carefully, and institutional improvements should be made into establish psychological interventions and measures.

In Korea, the cause of lung disease of unknown origin was identified as humidifier disinfectants in November 2011. In February 2017, the ‘Special Act on Remedy for Damage Caused by Humidifier Disinfectants’ was promulgated. Even though emotional and mental injuries caused by humidifier disinfectants have been reported, the focus of the special act has been on physical injury only, and criteria for recognizing mental health impact have not been considered. This case considers emotional and mental injury caused by humidifier disinfectants. After a humidifier disinfectant was used from January 2005 to April 2006, the patient's son aged 20 months was hospitalized with respiratory symptoms, and he died within two weeks. Also, the patient was hospitalized for a month with the same symptoms, and then she led a normal life with no symptoms. After both mother and son were diagnosed with definite (level 1) humidifier disinfectant lung injury (HDLI) in 2017, she took to drinking alcohol because of extreme guilt over her son's death. In March 2018 she died from acute liver failure due to alcohol use disorder. The patient's death was caused by continuous alcoholism, due to emotional and mental trauma caused by her son's death after HDLI was revealed as the cause. The government did not acknowledge her death was due to humidifier disinfectants, but the company that sold the humidifier disinfectants recognized her as a victim and compensated the family of the victim. There are still lots of psychological responses among humidifier disinfectant disaster victims. Mental health impact on humidifier disinfectant victims should be considered more carefully, and institutional improvements should be made into establish psychological interventions and measures.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to report on preliminary data regarding the prevalence of major eye diseases in Korea. METHODS: We obtained data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a nation-wide cross-sectional survey and examinations of the non-institutionalized civilian population in South Korea (n = 14,606), conducted from July 2008 to December 2009. Field survey teams included an ophthalmologist, nurses, and interviewers, traveled with a mobile examination unit and performed interviews and ophthalmologic examinations. RESULTS: The prevalence of visual impairment, myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism in participants over 5 years of age was 0.4 +/- 0.1%, 53.7 +/- 0.6%, 10.7 +/- 0.4%, and 58.0 +/- 0.6%, respectively. The prevalence of strabismus and blepharoptosis in participants over 3 years of age was 1.5 +/- 0.1% and 11.0 +/- 0.8%, respectively. In participants over 40 years of age, the prevalence of cataract, pterygium, early and late age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma was 40.2 +/- 1.3%, 8.9 +/- 0.5%, 5.1 +/- 0.3%, 0.5 +/- 0.1%, 13.4 +/- 1.5%, and 2.1 +/- 0.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first nation-wide epidemiologic study conducted in South Korea for assessment of the prevalence of eye diseases by both the Korean Ophthalmologic Society and the Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention. This study will provide preliminary information for use in further investigation, prevention, and management of eye diseases in Korea.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Eye Diseases/*epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nutrition Surveys/*statistics & numerical data ; Prevalence ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: To investigate the results of surgical treatment of the symptomatic accessory navicular in adolescent. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 11 patients who were 11~16 years old with symptomatic accessory navicular were identified between 2001 and 2009. Six cases were diagnosed after trauma and 8 cases were diagnosed by accident with painful bony protrusion on medial aspect of foot. In cases after at least 3 months of ineffective conservative treatment, patients were treated by resection of accessory navicular and reattachment of tibialis posterior tendon to the apex of the medial longitudinal arch using periosteum and ligamentous soft tissue without transposition of its course. And then short leg cast was applied for correction of the flat foot (if it is combined) which was molded into the longitudinal arch with the talonavicular joint released and foot inverted during about 6 weeks. RESULTS: All were type II accessory navicular without tibialis posterior tendon lesions. In most cases pain was improved, results were excellent in seven and good in four. Calcaneal pitch angle and talus-first metatarsal angle was improved about 4.64degrees and 5.79degrees in average. CONCLUSION: Symptomatic accessory navicular in adolescent might not be associated with the tibialis posterior tendon lesions. The surgical treatment composed of excision of the accessory navicular with simple replication of the tibialis posterior tendon without altering its course led to good results in most cases. The procedure has a low rate of complications. And it is easy to be performed with a good satisfaction.
Adolescent ; Flatfoot ; Foot ; Fungi ; Humans ; Joints ; Leg ; Ligaments ; Metatarsal Bones ; Periosteum ; Tendons

PURPOSE: To investigate the results of surgical treatment of the symptomatic accessory navicular in adolescent. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 11 patients who were 11~16 years old with symptomatic accessory navicular were identified between 2001 and 2009. Six cases were diagnosed after trauma and 8 cases were diagnosed by accident with painful bony protrusion on medial aspect of foot. In cases after at least 3 months of ineffective conservative treatment, patients were treated by resection of accessory navicular and reattachment of tibialis posterior tendon to the apex of the medial longitudinal arch using periosteum and ligamentous soft tissue without transposition of its course. And then short leg cast was applied for correction of the flat foot (if it is combined) which was molded into the longitudinal arch with the talonavicular joint released and foot inverted during about 6 weeks. RESULTS: All were type II accessory navicular without tibialis posterior tendon lesions. In most cases pain was improved, results were excellent in seven and good in four. Calcaneal pitch angle and talus-first metatarsal angle was improved about 4.64degrees and 5.79degrees in average. CONCLUSION: Symptomatic accessory navicular in adolescent might not be associated with the tibialis posterior tendon lesions. The surgical treatment composed of excision of the accessory navicular with simple replication of the tibialis posterior tendon without altering its course led to good results in most cases. The procedure has a low rate of complications. And it is easy to be performed with a good satisfaction.
Adolescent ; Flatfoot ; Foot ; Fungi ; Humans ; Joints ; Leg ; Ligaments ; Metatarsal Bones ; Periosteum ; Tendons

PURPOSE: To compare the postoperative outcomes between Akreos MI60 and Akreos AO intraocular lens (IOLs) after cataract surgery. METHODS: A prospective analysis among 55 eyes of 55 patients who had undergone microcoaxial phacoemulsification and implantation of aspheric IOLs (Akreos MI60, 30 eyes; Akreos Adapt-AO, 25 eyes) was performed. The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), spherical equivalent, intraocular pressure (IOP), corneal thickness, endothelial cell density (ECD), surgically induced astigmatism (SIA), predictability of postoperative spherical equivalent, higher order aberrations, and contrast sensitivity test were evaluated during the follow-up period of 3 months. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in BCVA, spherical equivalent, IOP, corneal thickness, ECD, SIA, higher order aberrations and contrast sensitivity test (p>0.05). The predictability of postoperative spherical equivalent in the Akreos Adapt-AO (-0.57+/-0.22D) represented statistically significant myopic shift compared with the Akreos MI60 group (-0.05+/-0.69D) (p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Both the Akreos MI60 and the Akreos Adapt-AO implantation groups performed similiarly, following cataract surgery, showed similar visual function.
Astigmatism ; Cataract ; Contrast Sensitivity ; Endothelial Cells ; Eye ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Lenses, Intraocular ; Phacoemulsification ; Prospective Studies ; Visual Acuity

PURPOSE: To report several cases of secondary infection by fungus in herpes simplex keratitis. CASE SUMMARY: A retrospective chart review was performed on 3 eyes of 3 patients who were without improvement and diagnosed with fungal keratitis by smear and culture on prior presentation with herpetic keratitis. Two cases were diagnosed with fungal keratitis, based on the results of culture. Fungal keratitis by Candida albicans was improved with antifungal agents, but a case caused by Fusarium species was more aggravated, regardless of antifungal agents. One case was improved by antifungal medications, which was diagnosed with fungal keratitis by the fungal hyphae manifestation on KOH preparation. CONCLUSIONS: Secondary microbial infection should be considered, when the lesion had no improvement with antiviral agents in herpetic keratitis.
Antifungal Agents ; Antiviral Agents ; Candida albicans ; Coinfection ; Eye ; Fungi ; Fusarium ; Herpes Simplex ; Humans ; Hyphae ; Keratitis ; Keratitis, Herpetic ; Methylmethacrylates ; Polystyrenes ; Retrospective Studies

PURPOSE: To investigate changes in corneal astigmatism and refractive power in intermittent exotropia after lateral rectus recession with or without medial rectus resection. METHODS: We compared visual acuity, spherical equivalent, refractive power, astigmatism from cycloplegic refraction, and Orbscan corneal topography in two groups consisting of 40 eyes from 20 patients who underwent bilateral lateral rectus recession (Group 1) and 33 eyes from 33 patients who underwent monocular medial rectus resection with lateral rectus recession (Group 2) immediately preoperatively and at 1 and 4 weeks postoperatively. RESULTS: In Group 1, the refractive power changed +0.12 D on average in the horizontal median and -0.08 D on average in the vertical median at 1 week postoperatively. The refractive power changed +0.07 D on average in the horizontal median and -0.04 D on average in the vertical median at 4 weeks postoperatively. No significant change in the corneal astigmatic axis was detected. In Group 2, the refractive power changed +0.4 D on average in the horizontal median and -0.19D on average in the vertical median, and the corneal astigmatic axis significantly shifted by +0.51 D in the 'with-the-rule astigmatism' direction at 1 week postoperatively (p=0.02). However, the refractive power changed +0.2 D on average in the horizontal median and -0.09 D on average in the vertical median, and the corneal astigmatic axis changed +0.2 D at 4 weeks postoperatively, although these values were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative refractive power and corneal astigmatism did not change significantly, as compared to preoperative values, at 4 weeks postoperatively in the lateral rectus recession-only or medial-and-lateral rectus recession group.
Astigmatism ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Corneal Topography ; Exotropia ; Eye ; Humans ; Muscles ; Visual Acuity

PURPOSE: To compare the visual function and postoperative refraction between two aspheric intraocular lenses (IOLs) after microcoaxial cataract surgery. METHODS: A prospective analysis of 60 eyes of 58 patients who had undergone microcoaxial phacoemulsification and implantation of aspheric IOLs (AcrySof IQ, 30 eyes; Akreos MI60, 30 eyes) was performed. The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), spherical equivalent, intraocular pressure (IOP), corneal thickness, endothelial cell density (ECD), predictability of postoperative spherical equivalent, higher order aberrations, contrast sensitivity test, satisfaction, and glare were evaluated during the follow-up period of three months. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in BCVA, spherical equivalent, IOP, corneal thickness, or ECD (p>0.05). The predictability of the postoperative spherical equivalent in the AcrySof IQ and Akreos MI60 IOL groups was not significantly different (p=0.59), and the two groups showed good anterior-posterior stability during the postoperative three months. There were no significant differences in higher order aberrations, contrast sensitivity test, satisfaction or glare (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Both AcrySof IQ and Akreos MI60 implantation groups showed similar visual functions and postoperative spherical equivalents after microcoaxial cataract surgery.
Cataract ; Contrast Sensitivity ; Endothelial Cells ; Eye ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glare ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Lenses, Intraocular ; Phacoemulsification ; Prospective Studies ; Visual Acuity

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of dorzolamide-timolol and latanoprost on redox cycle of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbic acid in the aqueous humor of the rabbit. METHODS: Group 1 (20 eyes of 10 rabbits) was instilled with dorzolamide-timolol in the right eye and Group 2 (20 eyes of 10 rabbits) was instilled with latanoprost in the same manner. Four weeks after instillation, SOD activity and ascorbic acid concentration were analyzed. RESULTS: In Group 1, SOD activity and ascorbic acid concentration of the right eye and left eye were 15.7% and 19.3% (p=0.27), 2.7 pM and 2.6 pM (p=0.47), respectively. In Group 2, SOD activity and ascorbic acid concentration of the right and left eye were 22.3% and 27.6% (p=0.14), 2.3 pM and 2.1 pM (p=0.89), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant difference of SOD activity and ascorbic acid concentration between both eyes in Group 1 and 2.
Aqueous Humor ; Ascorbic Acid ; Eye ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Prostaglandins F, Synthetic ; Superoxide Dismutase