No abstract available.
Antioxidants* ; Glutathione* ; Humans

No abstract available.
Eating* ; Liver* ; Pneumonia* ; Sharks*

No abstract available.
Morphine* ; Respiration, Artificial* ; Weaning*

BACKGROUND: A randomized, multicenter, open-label, parallel group study was performed to compare the effects of remifentanil and morphine as analgesic drugs on the duration of weaning time from mechanical ventilation (MV). METHODS: A total of 96 patients with MV in 6 medical and surgical intensive care units were randomly assigned to either, remifentanil (0.1-0.2 mcg/kg/min, n = 49) or morphine (0.8-35 mg/hr, n = 47) from the weaning start. The weaning time was defined as the total ventilation time minus the sum of controlled mode duration. RESULTS: Compared with the morphine group, the remifentanil-based analgesic group showed a tendency of shorter weaning time (mean 143.9 hr, 89.7 hr, respectively: p = 0.069). Secondary outcomes such as total ventilation time, successful weaning rate at the 7th of MV day was similar in both groups. There was also no difference in the mortality rate at the 7th and 28th hospital day. Kaplan-Meyer curve for weaning was not different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Remifentanil usage during the weaning phase tended to decrease weaning time compared with morphine usage.
Analgesics ; Humans ; Critical Care ; Morphine* ; Mortality ; Respiration, Artificial* ; Ventilation ; Ventilator Weaning ; Weaning*

OBJECTIVE: We analyzed the clinical and radiologic features of posterior apophyseal ring separation (PARS) with lumbar disc herniation and suggest the proper management options according to the PARS characteristics. METHODS: We reviewed case series of patients with PARS who underwent surgery of lumbar disc herniation. Preoperative symptoms, neurologic status, Body Mass Index, preoperative and postoperative Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Korean-Oswestry Disability Index (K-ODI) scores, operation types were obtained. PARS size, locations, the degree of resection were assessed. RESULTS: PARS was diagnosed in 109 (7.5%) patients among 1448 patients given surgical treatment for single level lumbar disc herniation. There were 55 (50.5%) small PARS and 54 (49.5%) large PARS. Among the large PARS group, 15 (27.8%) had lower endplate PARS of upper vertebra at the level of disc herniation. Thirty-nine (72.2%) were upper endplate PARS of lower vertebra. Among the group with upper endplate PARS of lower vertebra, unresected PARS was diagnosed in 12 (30.8%) cases and resected PARS was diagnosed in 27 (69.2%) cases. VAS and K-ODI scores changes were 3.6+/-2.9 and 5.4+/-6.4 in the unresected PARS group, 5.8+/-2.1 and 11.3+/-7.1 in the resected PARS group. The group with upper endplate PARS of lower vertebra showed significant difference of VAS (p=0.01) and K-ODI (p=0.013) score changes between unresected and resected PARS groups. CONCLUSION: The large PARS of upper endplate in lower vertebra should be removed during the surgery of lumbar disc herniation. High level or bilateral side of PARS should be widely decompressed and arthrodesis procedures are necessary if there is a possibility of secondary instability.
Arthrodesis ; Body Mass Index ; Humans ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Spine

This study was performed to observe the changes of glucose-related hormones and the morphological change including ultrastructure of the pancreatic islets in the male Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rat. Area under the curve (AUC) of glucose at the 30th (709 +/- 73 mg.h/dL) and at the 40th week (746 +/- 87 mg.h/ dL) of age were significantly higher than that at the 10th week (360 +/- 25 mg.h/ dL). AUC of insulin of the 10th week was 2.4 +/- 0.9 ng.h/mL, increased gradually to 10.8 +/- 8.3 ng.h/mL at the 30th week, and decreased to 1.8 +/- 1.2 ng.h/mL at the 40th week. The size of islet was increased at 20th week of age and the distribution of peripheral alpha cells and central beta cells at the 10th and 20th weeks was changed to a mixed pattern at the 40th week. On electron microscopic examination, beta cells at the 20th week showed many immature secretory granules, increased mitochondria, and hypertrophied Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum. At the 40th week, beta cell contained scanty intracellular organelles and secretory granules and apoptosis of acinar cell was observed. In conclusion, as diabetes progressed, increased secretion of insulin was accompanied by increases in size of islets and number of beta-cells in male OLETF rats showing obese type 2 diabetes. However, these compensatory changes could not overcome the requirement of insulin according to the continuous hyperglycemia after development of diabetes.
Animals ; Body Weight ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/*metabolism/pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Glucagon/*metabolism ; Insulin/*metabolism ; Islets of Langerhans/*metabolism/pathology/ultrastructure ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred OLETF

PURPOSE: Coloanal anastomosis (CAA) following ultralow anterior resection became more popular techniques for preservation of anal sphincter in distal rectal cancer. The purpose of this study is to evaluate a functional and oncologic safety of patients who underwent ultralow anterior resection and coloanal anastomosis for distal rectal cancer. METHODS: Forty-eight patients underwent coloanal anastomosis following ultralow anterior resection between January 1988 and January 1998. Main operative techniques were total mesorectal excision with autonomic nerve preservation. Colonic J pouch was made 8 cm in length with GIA 95. All patients were followed up for fecal or gas incontinence, frequency of bowel movement and local or systemic recurrences. RESULTS: Mean tumor distance from anal verge was 4.0 cm. Postoperative complications were transient urinary retention (N=7), anastomotic stenosis (N=3), anastomotic leakage (N=3), rectovaginal fistula (N=2), cancer positive margin (N=1; patient refuses reoperation). Overall recurrences occurred in 7/48 (14.5%). Local recurrence (N=1) and systemic recurrence (N=1) in Astler-Coller stage B2, local recurrence (N=1), systemic recurrence (N=2) and combined local and systemic recurrence (N=2) in Astler-Coller stage C2. Mean frequency of bowel movement were 6.1 per day at 3 month, 4.4 at 1 year and 3.1 at 2 years. Kirwan grade for fecal incontinence were 2.7 at 3 months, 1.8 at 1 year and 1.5 at 2 years. CONCLUSIONS: With careful selection of patients and good operative techniques, CAA can be performed safely in distal rectal cancer. Normal continence and acceptable frequency of bowel movements can be obtained at 1 year after operation without compromising the rate of local recurrence.
Anal Canal ; Anastomotic Leak ; Autonomic Pathways ; Colon ; Colonic Pouches ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Fecal Incontinence ; Humans ; Postoperative Complications ; Rectal Neoplasms* ; Rectovaginal Fistula ; Recurrence ; Urinary Retention

OBJECTIVE: There were many instruments introduced for direct repair of spondylolysis. But those instruments were not designed for direct repair of spondylolysis originally. Dynesys implants consist of pedicle screws and cords or laminar hooks that were designed for lumbar dynamic stabilization. We used pedicle screws and cord or laminar hook of Dynesys spinal system for repairment of spondylolysis. METHODS: July 2005 to March 2009, Six patients with lumbar spondylolysis were treated with a new technique using a pedicle screw with a u-shaped rod or laminar hook combined with bone grafting of the transverse process and lamina of the same level, bypassing the spondylolytic defect. There were 5 males and 1 female. Ages ranged from 18-48 years(average of 34.5 years). A total of 8 vertebral levels were fused(one patient had spondylolytic defects at 3 levels). Five defects were at L5, two at L4, and one at L3. The patients had low back pain that was unimproved after 3-6 months of conservative management. None demonstrated spondylolisthesis or instability, disc degeneration on MRI, nor radiculopathy. All symptoms resolved after isthmus block. The patients were followed-up for a period of 3-27 months(average of 14.8 months). The authors compared pre-operative and post-operative clinical symptoms and radiographic findings retrospectively. Success of the procedure was determined by the following criteria: impro- vement of clinical symptoms(VAS score), absence of isthmic motion on plain radiographs, and evaluation for the presence of a bone mass bridging the transverse processes and laminae using plain radiographs and reconstruction CT scan. RESULTS: All patients demonstrated improvement in pain scores(average of 8.3 to an average of 3.2). A fusion rate of 87.5% was achieved(7 out 8 levels). No complications were noted. The authors were able to demonstrate a potential benefit in using this new technique for the treatment of lumbar spondylolysis. CONCLUSION: Direct repair of spondylolysis with Dynesys spinal system is technically easy and fixes strongly biome- chanically.
Bone Transplantation ; Female ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc Degeneration ; Low Back Pain ; Male ; Radiculopathy ; Retrospective Studies ; Spondylolisthesis ; Spondylolysis

Inhaled solvents such as toluene are of particular concern due to their abuse potential that is easily exposed to the environment. The inhalation of toluene causes various behavioral problems, but, the effect of short-term exposure of toluene on changes in emotional behaviors over time after exposure and the accompanying pathological characteristics have not been fully identified. Here, we evaluated the behavioral and neurochemical changes observed over time in mice that inhaled toluene. The mice were exposed to toluene for 30 min at a concentration of either 500 or 2,000 ppm. Toluene did not cause social or motor dysfunction in mice. However, increased anxiety-like behavior was detected in the short-term after exposure, and depression-like behavior appeared as delayed effects. The amount of striatal dopamine metabolites was significantly decreased by toluene, which continued to be seen for up to almost two weeks after inhalation. Additionally, an upregulation of serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptor in the hippocampus and the substantia nigra, as well as reduced immunoreactivity of neurogenesis markers in the dentate gyrus, was observed in the mice after two weeks. These results suggest that toluene inhalation, even single exposure, mimics early anxietyand delayed depression-like emotional disturbances, underpinned by pathological changes in the brain.

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is a rare disorder of the stomach, small intestine and colon, characterized by variable eosinophilic infiltration of the bowel wall and peripheral blood eosinophilia, abnormal gastrointestinal symptoms and signs. The pathogenesis of this disease still remains unknown, but several studies support allergic or immunologic etiology. Considerable variability in clinical presentation depends on the site of the gastrointestinal tract and the depth of bowel wall involvement. Herein we experienced a case of eosinophilic gastroenteritis confined to small intestine presenting progressive weight loss, abdominal pain and diarrhea. Enteroscopic findings showed diffuse multiple nodularity of mucosal folds in small bowel, especially duodenum and proximal jejunum. Jejunal and duodenal biopsy specimen demonstrated marked eosinophilic infiltration. These symptoms and signs were improved within 3 weeks after short course of prednisone therapy.
Abdominal Pain ; Biopsy ; Colon ; Diarrhea ; Duodenum ; Enteritis* ; Eosinophilia ; Eosinophils* ; Gastroenteritis ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Intestine, Small ; Jejunum ; Prednisone ; Stomach ; Weight Loss