Uterine prolapse with pregnancy is rare condition. The overall incidence is 1/10000- 15000 deliveries. The complications from uterine prolapse range from minor cervical ulceration and infection to fetal death or uterine rupture. The fetal mortality was as high as 22% mainly due to prematurity, respiratory infection. The management of this condition is focused on preventing late occurrence of prolapse during pregnancy and continued reduction. We present a case of uterine prolapse in pregnancy with a brief review of the literature.
Fetal Death ; Fetal Mortality ; Incidence ; Pregnancy* ; Prolapse ; Ulcer ; Uterine Prolapse* ; Uterine Rupture

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a higher prevalence of vascular calcification (VC) and cardiovascular disease. VC in CKD patients showed different pathophysiological features from those of the general population. The pathogenesis of VC in CKD is a highly organized process, and prior studies have suggested that patients with CKD have their own specific contributors to the phenotypic change of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), including uremic toxins, CKD-mineral and bone disease (CKD-MBD), inflammation, and oxidative stress. For the diagnosis and monitoring of VC in CKD, several imaging modalities, including plain radiography, ultrasound, and computed tomography have been utilized. VC in CKD patients has distinct clinical features and implications. CKD patients revealed a more intense and more prevalent calcification on the intimal and medial layers, whereas intimal calcification is predominantly observed in the general population. While a higher VC score is clearly associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events, a greater VC score in CKD patients does not fully reflect the burden of atherosclerosis, because they have more calcification at equal volumes of atheromatous plaques. The primary goal of VC treatment in CKD is the prevention of VC progression, and the main management is to control the biochemical components of CKD-MBD. Cinacalcet and non-calcium-containing phosphate binders are the mainstay of VC prevention in CKD-MBD management. VC in patients with CKD is an ongoing area of research and is expected to advance soon.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tooth color changes of resin bonding sites and their adjacent sites on orthodontic bracket bonding. Sixty extracted sound premolars were used and the tooth color was recorded according to the CIE L(*)a(*)b(*) color system using a spectrophotometer. The tooth colors of the twenty premolars were measured and compared before bracket bonding and after removal. On a further twenty premolars, the tooth color was measured before and after only primer application. In the change of L(*) values, according to the bracket bonding and primer application, the lightness was decreased, and in the change of a(*) and b(*) values, the color was changed into a more yellowish color. The color differences (delta E(*)) were calculated from the L(*)a(*)b(*) values and compared with the standard value of clinical detection (delta E(*)=3.7). The color differences between before the bracket bonding and after removal noted exceeded the standard value and those of between before and after the primer application were not larger than the standard value. Toothbrushing was performed after application of the primer to evaluate the color changes according to the primer abrasion. As a control, toothbrushing was performed on the last twenty premolars. The color differences noted were larger than the standard value after toothbrushing. Also, to evaluate the color changes of the tooth which is exposed to sun irradiation after bracket removal, additional photoaging was performed and the color was measured for all teeth. The additional color differences after photoaging were smaller than the standard value. The above results suggest that the tooth color changes after fixed orthodontic treatment.
Bicuspid ; Orthodontic Brackets ; Solar System ; Tooth* ; Toothbrushing

The increasing waiting times for deceased donor kidneys have focused attention on living donors as a useful way to increase the organ supply. However, living donors with potential medical risks for renal transplantation raise medical and ethical questions for donor nephrectomy about conditions such as hypertension, hematuria, obesity, and old age. Data on the long-term risks of conditions are sparse and potential acceptance criteria are under development. Many older donors hope to donate to their offspring, despite the presence of elevated blood pressure. Transplant professionals have internal debates on these situations that require a well-defined scoring system for donating risk. This review summarizes the characteristics and risk of marginal living donors in renal transplantation and discusses strategies for overcoming the current limitation.
Blood Pressure ; Hematuria ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Kidney ; Kidney Transplantation ; Living Donors ; Nephrectomy ; Obesity ; Tissue Donors ; Transplants

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the bond strength of polycarbonate brackets can be increased through surface treatment. METHODS: One hundred polycarbonate brackets (Alice) were bonded to bovine incisors with light-cured adhesive. The bracket bases were treated with one of three methods; sandblasting, plastic conditioner application, and combined treatment with sandblasting and plastic conditioner. The brackets without any surface treatment served as the control. The shear bond strength was tested with a universal testing machine, and failure pattern was assessed with the adhesive remnant index. RESULTS: The shear bond strength in all experimental groups was higher than that of the control group (p < 0.001). The group treated with plastic conditioner after sandblasting showed statistically higher shear bond strength than the sandblasting only group (p < 0.05). The group treated with plastic conditioner after sandblasting showed higher shear bond strength than plastic conditioner only group, but the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The above results suggest that the surface treatments of polycarbonate bracket is mandatory to improve bond strength, and the most effective method is an application of plastic conditioner after sandblasting.
Adhesives ; Incisor ; Plastics

Corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF), a key regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, is expressed in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and its expression is upregulated in stress-related disorders. We investigated here the effect of noxious colorectal distension (CRD) on the expression of CRF in the CeA of conscious and unconscious rats. Adult male rats with or without general anesthesia were exposed to visceral pain induced by CRD for 5 min; this procedure was repeated 3 times with 1 min resting after each distension. The rats were sacrificed and sections of the CeA were immunostained for CRF as an indicator for anxiety response, and for phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) as a marker for pain-specific activation of neurons; sections of lumbosacral spinal cord were immunostained for c-Fos as a marker for activation of spinal neurons. CRD elicited a significant increase in the expression of CRF and p-ERK in the CeA and of c-Fos in the spinal cord. General anesthesia attenuated the increase in CRF and p-ERK in the CeA, but did not affect the expression of spinal c-Fos. These results suggest that conscious recognition of pain at higher brain centers is an important determinant of CRF expression in the CeA.
Amygdala/*metabolism/pathology ; *Anesthesia, General ; Animals ; Colon ; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/*metabolism ; Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism ; Immunohistochemistry ; Male ; Neurons/metabolism ; Pain/prevention & control ; Phosphorylation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rectum

No abstract available.
Kidney Transplantation* ; Water*

In this study of the physical anthropological characteristics of the Akha and Lahu in northern Thailand, whose customs are similar to the Koreans, the authors examined the finger and palm prints of the Akha (male 107, female 114) and Lahu (male 92, female 101) using qualitative methods, and compared them with those of various ethnic groups including Koreans. The results were as follows : The whorl types (Akha 57.7%, Lahu 58.1%) were the most common finger prints, followed by ulnar loop types (Akha 39.7%, Lahu 38.7%), arch types (Akha 2.6%, Lahu 2.8%), and radial loop types (Akha 1.7%, Lahu 1.2%). Of the palm print types, 9-7-5 (Akha 32.7%, Lahu 21.3%) and 7-5-5(Akha 25.4%, Lahu 21.3%) were most common, followed by 11-O-7 (Akha 2.0%, Lahu 11.3%), 9-O-5 (Akha 1.5%, Lahu 10.0%), 11-9-7 (Akha 6.0%, Lahu 5.7%), 7-5-4 (Akha 7.0%, Lahu 2.2%). The finger and palm print patterns of the Akha and Lahu did not correspond closely to the patterns of those classified as White, Negro, or Oriental, although they were closest to the patterns of the latter, particularly Chinese (rather than Korean or Japanese).
African Continental Ancestry Group ; Anthropology ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Dermatoglyphics ; Ethnic Groups ; Female ; Fingers* ; Humans ; Thailand*

During the lest 7 years 21 children with vesicoureteral reflux and neurogenic bladder dysfunction and 46 children with primary vesicoureteral reflux were followed. At the time of initial presentation, the mean age of the former group was 5.5 years and the letter group, 2.8 years. The grade of reflux and the nephropathy were more severe in the children with neuropathic bladder than in the children with primary vesicoureteral reflux But in the same reflux grade, there was no statistical difference in the nephropathy between the two groups. The children with vesicoureteral reflux and neuropathic bladder were managed with drug therapy, intermittent catheterization, urinary diversion and ureteral reimplantation. Radiological followup revealed that resolution or improvement of reflux occurred in 36 per cent of renal units managed by intermittent catheterization and 100 per cent in which the ureters were reimplanted. As in the non-neurogenic bladder successful management of reflux and prevention of upper tract deterioration can be achieved by conservative management as well as by ureteroneocystostomy.
Catheterization ; Catheters ; Child* ; Drug Therapy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Replantation ; Ureter ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic* ; Urinary Catheterization ; Vesico-Ureteral Reflux*