The purpose of this study was to investigate gender differences in behavioral characteristics and their awareness of obese school children. The results were as follows : 1. In comparison with eating habits and food preference, the girls had more irregular breakfast and were likely to have vegetables/fruits than the boys. 2. In characteristics related to exercise and activities, boys did more exercise than girls. Particularly, in lunch free time, boys participated in playing various active excercise with friends, but girls participated in more non-active behaviors(such as, chattering, reading, or playing jack-stones). 3. In comparison with their awareness related to obese persons, about a half of boys had positive opinions(e, grong, healthy.), but about only 20% of girls had positive opinions.
Breakfast ; Child* ; Eating ; Female ; Food Preferences ; Friends ; Humans ; Lunch ; Child Health

The purpose of this study were to define the degree of performance in health promoting lifestyle and to identify the variable related to performance inn health promoting lifestyle of adolescents. The subjects of this study were 469 adolescents in the 4 high schools. The sample data were collected using a purposive sampling method from July 1 to July 27. The collected data were analysed by using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation Coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression with SPSS PC+ program. The results of this research were as follows. First, The means of performance in the health promoting lifestyle of adolescents revealed total 2.478 ; harmonious relationships 3.045, regular diet 2.236, professional health management 1.322, sanitary life 2.910, self regulation 2.558, emotional support 2.696, healthy diet 2.048, rest and sleep 2.651, exercise and activity 2.491, self actualization 2.466, diet control 2.408. The factor with the highest degree of performance was the harmonious relationships, whereas the one with the lowest degrees was the professional health management. Second, the relationship between the degree of performance in health promoting lifestyle and its related variable were as follows. (1) Performance in the health promoting lifestyle was significantly correlated with self esteem, self efficacy, health conception, perceived health status, mother's health promoting lifestyle, mother's health conception. (2) The most important factor that affects performance in the health promoting lifestyle of adolescents was self esteem. The combination of self esteem, health conception, mother's health promoting lifestyle, self efficacy, perceived health status accounted for 45.2% of the variance in health promoting lifestyle of adolescents.
Adolescent* ; Diet ; Fertilization ; Humans ; Life Style* ; Self Concept ; Self Efficacy ; Self-Control ; Child Health

No abstract available.
Child* ; Humans ; Lupus Nephritis*

PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify the scores of postpartum depression(PPD) on the first day, 1st week, and 6th week after the delivery and to explore their related factors before and after delivery in postpartum women. METHODS: With a survey design, 293 postpartum women were recruited from a postpartum unit, Ilsin Christian hospital in Pusan via convenience sampling and were followed at 1st week and 6th week in the outpatient clinic. RESULTS: Results showed that the scores of PPD(EPDS score) were low at postpartum 1st day, 1st week and 6th week but prevalence of PPD(EPDS > or =13) was 3.1% at 1st day, 8.2% at 1st week and 7.5% at 6th week, respectively. The pre-delivery factors were experience of depression, and the post-delivery factors were baby's sex(1st day), no caregiver for baby(1st week), and no help and concern for taking care of baby from husband and family(1st day and 6th week). The greater satisfaction with becoming a mother and her life, and greater maternal attachment were related to lower level of PPD at the three time points. CONCLUSION: Regular screening for postpartum depression and supportive and informative education is needed for postpartum women visiting the outpatient clinic for follow-up.
Ambulatory Care Facilities ; Caregivers ; Depression ; Depression, Postpartum ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Mothers ; Postpartum Period ; Prevalence ; Spouses ; Tuberculin

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to update the existing evidence-based nursing clinical practice guideline in management of pressure injury in South Korea. METHODS: The update process underwent the 22 steps according to the update method based on the international standards. RESULTS: The updated nursing practice guideline for pressure injury consists of 4 domains and 436 recommendations. The numbers of recommendations in each domain were 25 for hospital policies, 51 for assessment, 350 for prevention and management, and 10 for education. There were 2.5% of A, 13.3% of B, 84.2% of C in terms of grading of recommendations. Among these, the major revision was done in 32 recommendations (7.4%). A total of 299 recommendations (68.6%) were added newly. Minor revisions, such as change or addition of some words, were also made in 25 recommendations(5.7%). No change was made in 80 recommendations (18.3%) compared to the previous ones. CONCLUSION: The nursing practice guideline for pressure injury has been updated. This updated guideline can be used as educational materials for both healthcare workers and patients with pressure injury.
Delivery of Health Care ; Education ; Evidence-Based Nursing ; Humans ; Korea ; Methods ; Nursing ; Pressure Ulcer

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: There are limited data regarding the clinical efficacy of the proximal optimization technique (POT) in the treatment of coronary bifurcation lesions. We investigated the influence of POT on the clinical outcomes of patients with coronary bifurcation lesions. METHODS: We enrolled a total of 1,191 patients with a bifurcation lesion with a side branch (SB) diameter ≥2.5 mm treated with a drug-eluting stent from 18 centers between January 2003 and December 2009. The primary outcome was major adverse cardiac events (MACEs: cardiac death, myocardial infarction or target lesion revascularization [TLR]). We performed one-to-many (1:N) propensity score matching with non-fixed matching ratio. RESULTS: POT was performed in 252 patients. During follow-up (median 37 months), the incidence of MACE was lower in the POT group than it was in the non-POT group (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.43; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.24–0.79; p=0.006). After propensity score matching, these were 0.34; 95% CI, 0.17–0.69; p=0.003 for MACE and 0.37; 95% CI, 0.17–0.78; p=0.01 for TLR. The use of POT was associated with significantly lower TLR in patients treated without kissing ballooning, but was not in those who underwent kissing ballooning (p for interaction=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: In coronary bifurcation lesions with a large SB, POT may be beneficial to improve long-term clinical outcome, particularly in patients treated without kissing ballooning during the procedure. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01642992
Coronary Artery Disease ; Death ; Drug-Eluting Stents ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Incidence ; Myocardial Infarction ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ; Propensity Score ; Treatment Outcome

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: There are limited data regarding the clinical efficacy of the proximal optimization technique (POT) in the treatment of coronary bifurcation lesions. We investigated the influence of POT on the clinical outcomes of patients with coronary bifurcation lesions. METHODS: We enrolled a total of 1,191 patients with a bifurcation lesion with a side branch (SB) diameter ≥2.5 mm treated with a drug-eluting stent from 18 centers between January 2003 and December 2009. The primary outcome was major adverse cardiac events (MACEs: cardiac death, myocardial infarction or target lesion revascularization [TLR]). We performed one-to-many (1:N) propensity score matching with non-fixed matching ratio. RESULTS: POT was performed in 252 patients. During follow-up (median 37 months), the incidence of MACE was lower in the POT group than it was in the non-POT group (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.43; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.24–0.79; p=0.006). After propensity score matching, these were 0.34; 95% CI, 0.17–0.69; p=0.003 for MACE and 0.37; 95% CI, 0.17–0.78; p=0.01 for TLR. The use of POT was associated with significantly lower TLR in patients treated without kissing ballooning, but was not in those who underwent kissing ballooning (p for interaction=0.03). CONCLUSIONS In coronary bifurcation lesions with a large SB, POT may be beneficial to improve long-term clinical outcome, particularly in patients treated without kissing ballooning during the procedure.TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01642992

PURPOSE: To describe the MR imaging findings of traumatic spinal subdural hematoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the MR images of six patients, with symptoms of acute spinal cord or cauda equena compression after trauma, together with spinal subdural hematoma. We analysed the extent, location, configuration and signal intensity of the lesions. RESULTS: In five of six cases, hematomas were distributed extensively throughout the thoracolumbosacral or lumbosacral spinal levels. In five cases they were located in the dorsal portion of the thecal sac, and in one case, in the ventral portion. On axial images, hematomas showed a concave or convex contour, depending on the amount of loculated hematoma. A lobulated appearance was due to limitation of free extension of the hematoma within the subdural space at the lateral sites (nerve root exist zone) at whole spine levels, and at the posteromedian site under lumbar 4-5 levels. CONCLUSION: In cases of spinal subdural hematoma, the lobulated appearance of hematoma loculation in the subdural space that bounds the lateral sites at all spinal levels and at the posteromedian site under L4-5 levels is a characteristic finding.
Hematoma ; Hematoma, Subdural, Spinal* ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Retrospective Studies ; Spinal Cord ; Spine ; Subdural Space

BACKGROUND: Secondary spinal cord injury (SCI) that follows an initial mechanical insult can exacerbate the overall damage, limit the restorative processes and eventually lead to an in- creased neurological deficit. We hypothesized that selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) may decrease the delayed cell death, and so this will contribute to decreased level of the secondary injury. METHODS: The dorsal surface of the cord at the T9 level was subjected to weight drop impact using a 10 g rod. To block COX-2 activation, a selective COX-2 inhibitor (NS-398) was administered (5 mg/kg, i.p.) 15 min prior to SCI. The COX-1, COX-2, Caspase-3 and PGE2 expressions were measured by real time quantitative RT-PCR and fluorescence immunostaining. RESULTS: Many activated caspase-3 positive cells were observed at 6 h and they increased until 72 h after SCI. The expression of COX-2 peaked at 6 h after SCI, while the COX-1 expression was unaffected. The principal cells that showed a COX-2 expression were the neurons and microglia. Pretreatment with NS-398 caused a significant decrease in the expression of prostaglandin E2 and activated caspase-3 positive cells after SCI. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that COX-2 is one of the main factors related with the pathologic deficits from secondary SCI.
Animals ; Caspase 3 ; Cell Death ; Contusions* ; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors ; Cyclooxygenase 2* ; Dinoprostone ; Fluorescence ; Microglia ; Neurons ; Rats* ; Spinal Cord Injuries ; Spinal Cord*

AIMS: To examine the relationship between soluble adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, and chronic renal allograft dysfunction METHODS: Serum samples taken on the day of renal biopsy from renal allograft recipients showing chronic graft dysfunction(n=31), at least one year after renal transplantation, were examined and compared with those from healthy control(n=20), or end stage renal failure patients(n=18), for the measurement of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1. Specific enzyme-linked immunometric method were used. No pateints was experiencing concurrent infection. The indications of the biopsy were slow increment of serum creatinine, significant proteinuria(over 1 gram per day) or newly-developed microscopic hematuria with or without small amount of proteinuria. RESULTS: sVCAM-1 was increased in end stage renal failure patients as well as transplant recipients as compared with the healthy controls. However, sICAM-1 was not increased either in end stage renal failure patients or renal allograft recipients. The degree of chronic rejection and cyclosporine toxicity did not correlate with the serum level of sVCAM-1. The level of serum creatinine did not correlate with the serum levels of either sICAM-1 or sVCAM-1. CONCLUSION: Increase of sVCAM-1 but not of sICAM-1 may have some role in the mechanism of chronic renal allograft dysfunction.
Allografts* ; Biopsy ; Creatinine ; Cyclosporine ; Hematuria ; Humans ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 ; Kidney Transplantation ; Proteinuria ; Renal Insufficiency ; Transplantation ; Transplants ; Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1