As measurement of glomerular size in the assessment of several renal diseases becomes increasingly important, it has become necessary to devise rapid simple methods for the assessment of glomerular size and to have on hand reference ranges. A few reports on glomerular size have been published in Western literature, but their body builds are different from Koreans. In this study, 100 glomeruli(50 glomeruli each from the outer cortical and the juxtamedullary area) were measured in sections taken from 74 kidneys(ages 3 days~73 years) obtained from autopsy utilizing the semi-automatic image analyser. The percentage of glomerular sclerosis was measured based on its location. The sphere diameter, maximum diameter, area and sphere volume of non-sclerotic glomeruli were measured and evaluated with respect to age, sex and the location of the glomeruli. The results were as follows; 1) Mean glomerular dimensions including sphere and maximum diameter, area and sphere volume increased until 40 years of age, then reached a plateau. The percentage of sclerotic glomeruli then increased slowly with age but without statistical significance. 2) The glomerular dimensions and sclerosis showed no significant differences according to sex. 3) Juxtamedullary glomeruli were larger than the outer cortical ones which was statistically significant in age groups of 0~10, 11~20 and 41~50 years. The percentage of sclerotic glomeruli was generally greater in the outer cortex. 4) Differences in the values of glomerular dimensions between outer cortical and juxtamedullary area were similar in all age groups. 5) All parameters of measurement showed consistent and similar trends between the different groups. 6) The measurements of the largest 12 glomeruli out of randomly-selected 50 glomeruli gave similar results when compared with those of 50 glomeruli. It was evident from our results that glomerular size is influenced by age and glomerular location, but not by sex. The method of assessing glomerular size used in this study will not necessarily give the true, absolute value of size but it may be a simple, practical and useful method of comparing glomerular size in different groups of patients.

Hyperkeratosis of the renal pelvis and ureter is a rare condition and is explained by the metaplastic change from transitional to cornified squamous epithelium. This lesion is frequently associated with, and perhaps caused by chronic urinary infection, but potentially premalignant, accompaning with carcinoma in about 10 to 20 per cent of the cases at the time of diagnosis. A case of hyperkeratosis of renal pelvis & ureter which was clinically suspected of carcinoma in a 49-year old woman with a long history of chronic pyelonephritis is presented with review of literature.
Female ; Humans

The rapid frozen section method is a means of intraoperative pathological diagnosis, first introduced by Welch in 1891 and developed as a diagnostic tool by Cullen, Wilson, MacCarty et al. This method serves useful purposes, such as determining the malignancy or benignancy of a suspected lesion, determining the adequacy of a biopsy of a suspected lesion, confirming the presence or absence of metatasis, and identifying small structures. But it bears many disadvantages, the most of which is the danger of incorrect diagnosis. We studied the indications, the limitations and the accuracy of the frozen section method and the materials studied was total cases of frozen section during recent 5 years. The ovarall accuracy of the frozen section diagnosis of 1,603 cases was 96.2% with 0.3% of false positive, 3.5% of false negative and 2.8% of incorrect histological diagnoses or grading errors the tissues submitted for frozen section were lymph node, breast, gastrointestinal tract and soft tissue in decreasing order of frequency. The false positive cases were four in number, while the false negative cases were 53, one third of which were the misdiagnoses of the presence of ganglion cells in Hirschsprung's disease.
Biopsy

No abstract available.

No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Urinary Tract*

No abstract available.
Biopsy* ; Child* ; Humans

Purpose: This study evaluated the clinical and radiological outcomes of TFNA (Trochanteric Fixation NailAdvanced; Depuy Synthes) for the treatment of proximal femur fractures. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of 64 patients diagnosed with a proximal femur fracture from January 2019 to November 2019. The patient’s demographic data, preoperatively and postoperatively Koval grade, modified Harris hip score, EQ-5D (Euro-Qol-5 Dimension), sliding and advancement of the blade, radiologic outcome, and complications were investigated. Results: Fifty patients were available for evaluation at one year postoperatively. The patients reported the following: the Koval grade decreased after surgery; the modified Harris hip score decreased from 78.56±8.88 to 72.74±6.59 (p=0.149); the mean EQ-5D decreased from 0.75±0.09 to 0.72±0.06 (p=0.000). Satisfactory reduction was achieved on a postoperative radiographic examination in 47 patients in six months. Complications occurred in seven cases. Conclusion TFNA is considered an appropriate implant for treating intertrochanteric fractures of the femur with a minimum follow-up of one year.

Purpose: This study evaluated the clinical and radiological outcomes of TFNA (Trochanteric Fixation NailAdvanced; Depuy Synthes) for the treatment of proximal femur fractures. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of 64 patients diagnosed with a proximal femur fracture from January 2019 to November 2019. The patient’s demographic data, preoperatively and postoperatively Koval grade, modified Harris hip score, EQ-5D (Euro-Qol-5 Dimension), sliding and advancement of the blade, radiologic outcome, and complications were investigated. Results: Fifty patients were available for evaluation at one year postoperatively. The patients reported the following: the Koval grade decreased after surgery; the modified Harris hip score decreased from 78.56±8.88 to 72.74±6.59 (p=0.149); the mean EQ-5D decreased from 0.75±0.09 to 0.72±0.06 (p=0.000). Satisfactory reduction was achieved on a postoperative radiographic examination in 47 patients in six months. Complications occurred in seven cases. Conclusion TFNA is considered an appropriate implant for treating intertrochanteric fractures of the femur with a minimum follow-up of one year.

Inadequate effectiveness of anticancer drug in treating renal cell carcinoma has been attributed to the overexpression of multidrug resistance gene (MDR1) and its product, membrane-bound P-glycoprotein. P-glycoprotein is known to actively pump out intracellular drug, which results in low intracellular anticancer drug concentration. Progesterone, which has been used in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma is found to cause a three to four-fold increase in vinblastine accumulation in the P-glycoprotein-expressing murine macrophage-like cell line.We have studied to evaluate the MDR modulating action of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) in renal cell carcinoma cell lines also with tamoxifen and verapamil. A-498 of a high mdrl expressed cell line and Caki-2 of a low mdrl expressed cell line were each placed in 96 multiwell plates. Vinblastine, in concentration from 0.01 ug/ml to 10 ug/ml was added to each well and verapamil, from 0.1 uM to 10 uM, MPA, from 2.5 uM to 25 uM, or tamoxifen, from 0.1 uM to 10 uM was also added. The in vitro chemosensitivity of two renal cell carcinoma cell lines (Caki-2 and A498) to vinblastine was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazol bromide(MTF) colorimetric assay. Growth of Caki-2 cells is inhibited by low doses of vinblastine(IC50: 0.27 ug/ml), but A-498 cells are highly resistant to the drug, with ICs0 value of 0.47 ug/ml. The chemosensitivity of the A-498 cells is increased in response to 5 uM MPA, 1 uM verapamil and 2 uM tamoxifen, which are known to partially reverse the MDR phenotype in other resistant tumors. The effective concentration of MPA for MDR reversal is in clinically achievable concentration but one of verapamil is not. The chemosensitivity of Caki-2 cells does not change according to MDR modulating agents. .MPA is an effective MDR modulating agents to enhance the cytotoxicity of vinblastine in renal cell carcinoma cell line showing P-glycoprotein expression. It suggests that combination therapy of MPA and vinblastine is better than monotherapy with MPA or vinblastine alone.
Carcinoma, Renal Cell* ; Cell Line* ; Drug Resistance, Multiple ; Genes, MDR ; Humans ; Medroxyprogesterone Acetate* ; Medroxyprogesterone* ; P-Glycoprotein ; Phenotype ; Progesterone ; Tamoxifen ; Verapamil ; Vinblastine*