Inonotus obliquus is a fungus that causes white heart rot on several broad-leaved species. This fungus forms typical charcoal-black, sterile conks (chaga) or cinder conks on infected stems of the birche (Betula spp). The dark brown pulp of the sterile conk is formed by a pure mycelial mass of fungus. Chaga are a folk remedy in Russia, reflecting the circumboreal distribution of I. obliquus in boreal forest ecosystems on Betula spp. and in meridional mountain forests on beech (Fagus spp.) in Russia, Scandinavia, Central Europe, and Eastern Europe. Distribution at lower latitudes in Western and Southern Europe, Northern America, Asia, Japan, and Korea is rare. Infected trees grow for many years without several symptoms of decline. The infection can penetrate through stem injuries with exterior sterile conks developing later. In the Czech Republic, cinder conk is found on birches inhabiting peat bogs and in mountain areas with a colder and more humid climate, although it is widespread in other broad leaved species over the Czech Republic. The most common hosts are B. pendula, B. pubescens, B. carpatica, and F. sylvatica. Less frequent hosts include Acer campestre, Acer pseudoplatanus, Alnus glutinosa, Alnus incana, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus cerris, Q. petraea, Q. robur, Q. delachampii, and Ulmus sp.
Acer ; Alnus ; Asia ; Betula ; Climate ; Czech Republic ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Europe, Eastern ; European Continental Ancestry Group ; Fagus ; Fraxinus ; Fungi ; Heart ; Humans ; Japan ; Korea ; Medicine, Traditional ; North America ; Quercus ; Russia ; Scandinavia ; Soil ; Trees ; Ulmus ; Wetlands

The purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate the shaping ability of the three different Ni-Ti file systems used by undergraduate students. Fifty undergraduate students prepared 150 simulated curved root canals in resin blocks with three Ni-Ti file systems - ProFile(R) (PF), Manual ProTaper(R) (MPT), Rotary ProTape(R) (RPT). Every student prepared 3 simulated root canals with each system respectively. After root canal preparation, the Ni-Ti files were evaluated for distortion or breakage. Assessments were made according to the presence of various types of canal aberrations. The pre- and post-instrumented canal images were attained and superimposed. The instrumented root canal width were measured and calculated for the net transportation (deviation) and the centering ratio. Under the condition of this study, both ProTaper(R) systems allowed significantly more removal of root canal wall than the ProFile(R) system. In the important other aspects such as the centering ratio, there was no significant differences between the systems. Novice dental students were able to prepare curved root canals with any kinds of Ni-Ti file systems with little aberration and great conservation of tooth structure. Students want to learn effective methods and at the same time simple rotary procedures. The rotary ProTaper(R) systems were one of the most compatible to these students from the point of view of cutting ability. The ProFile(R) system was also compatible in safe and gentle shaping.
Dental Pulp Cavity ; Humans ; Root Canal Preparation ; Students, Dental ; Tooth ; Transportation

No abstract available.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the etching effects and bond strength of total etching and self-etching adhesive system on unground enamel using scanning electron microscopy and microtensile bond strength test. The buccal coronal unground enamel from human extracted molars were prepared using low-speed diamond saw. Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (group SM), Clearfil SE Bond (group SE), or Adper Prompt L-Pop (group LP) were applied to the prepared teeth, and the blocks of resin composite (Filtek Z250) were built up incrementally. Resin tag formation was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, after removal of enamel surface by acid dissolution and dehydration. For microtensile bond strength test, resin-bonded teeth were sectioned to give a bonded surface area of 1mm2. Microtensile bond strength test was perfomed. The results of this study were as follows. 1. A definite etching pattern was observed in Scotchbond Multi-Purpose group. 2. Self-etching groups were characterized as shallow and irregular etching patterns. 3. The results (mean) of microtensile bond strength were SM; 26.55 MPa, SE; 18.15 MPa, LP; 15.57 MPa. SM had significantly higher microtensile bond strength than SE and PL (p < 0.05), but there was no significant differance between SE and PL.
Adhesives* ; Dehydration ; Dental Enamel* ; Diamond ; Humans ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Molar ; Tooth

BACKGROUND: To analyze the patterns of medical care utilization and its related factors in hypertensive patients during 19 years (1990-2008), utilizing national patient survey in Korea. METHODS: Using seven surveyed data, age-standardized medical care utilization increasing ratios for the inpatients and outpatients compared to the year of 1990 were calculated, respectively. Changes of medical facilities (%) of patients used in 1990, 1999, and 2008 were compared. For the outpatients, median length of stay and discharge mortality rate per 1,000 persons were calculated. Multivariate logistic regression methods were used to identify related factors of the resident patients and the comparison characteristics between hypertensives and the others of all subjects. Sample weights were used. RESULTS: The medical care utilization of hypertensives were increased for both inpatients and outpatients. However, the ratios were dramatically diminished after the standardization. Age-standardized ratios were 3.6 in outpatients and 5.9 in inpatients compared to 1990. For the outpatients, mainly used medical facilities were changed from general hospital to convalescent hospital. Also, median length of stay and discharge mortality rate were increased up to 5 times and 4 times compared to 1990. The odds of being resident patients were related with discharge as death and using oriental medical center convalescent hospital in 2008. Hypertensive patients were older than the others. Confined to hypertensive patients, member of National Health Insurance was more tend to be outpatients but less inpatients. CONCLUSIONS: Aging population and long-term care Act were presumed as the main reason for the increasing of medical care utilization in 1990 to 2008.
Aging ; Health Care Surveys ; Hospitals, Convalescent ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Inpatients ; Korea ; Length of Stay ; Logistic Models ; Long-Term Care ; Mortality ; National Health Programs ; Outpatients ; Utilization Review ; Weights and Measures

The acknowledgements was incorrect in the original publication of this article.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the buffering effects of social support as an effects modifier in the association between depression and inflammation in the elderly. METHODS: We analyzed the Korean Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (KSHAP) for questionnaire, clinical, and laboratory data of 530 older adults living in a rural community. Multivariate regression models were used to investigate the association between depressive symptoms and C-reactive protein level (CRP), a marker of inflammation, at varying levels of social support. RESULTS: Social support affected the association between depressive symptoms and CRP level in both sexes. However, the direction of effects modification was different for men and women. In men, a higher CRP level was significantly associated with depressive symptoms only among those with lower support from a spouse or family members. By contrast, in women, the association was significant only among subgroups with higher spousal or family support. Social support from neighbors or friends did not affect the depression-inflammation relationship in men but modestly affected the relationship in women. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that social support may have a buffering effect in the relationship between depression and inflammation in elderly Koreans. But the influence of social support may run in different directions for men and women.
Adult ; Aged ; Aging ; C-Reactive Protein ; Depression ; Female ; Friends ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Male ; Rural Population ; Spouses

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation with hypersensitivity mode on microtensile bond strength of composite resin. Twenty extracted permanent molars were randomly assigned to six groups, according to the irradiation of Er,Cr:YSGG laser, adhesive system (Optibond FL or Clearfil SE bond) and application time of etchant (15 sec or 20 sec). Then composite resin was build up on each conditioned surface. The restored teeth were stored in distilled water at room temperature for 24 h and twelve specimens for each group were prepared. All specimens were subjected to microtensile bond strength and the fracture modes were evaluated. Also, the prepared dentin surface and laser irradiated dentin surface were examined under SEM. The results were as follows: 1. The microtensile bond strength of laser irradiated group was lower than that of no laser irradiated group. 2. Regardless of laser irradiation, the microtensile bond strength of Optibond FL was higher than that of Clearfil SE bond. And the microtensile bond strength of 20 sec etching group was higher than that of 15 sec etching group when using Optibond FL. 3. The SEM image of laser irradiated dentin surface showed prominent peritubular dentin, opened dentinal tubules and no smear layer.
Adhesives ; Dentin ; Hypersensitivity ; Molar ; Resin Cements ; Smear Layer ; Tooth ; Water

The purpose of this study was to compare the shaping ability of the three ProTaper(R) instrumentation techniques in simulated canals. Thirty resin blocks were divided into 3 groups with 10 canals each. Each group was instrumented with manual ProTaper(R) (Group M), rotary ProTaper(R) (Group R), and hybrid technique (Group H). Canal preparation time was recorded. The images of pre- and post-instrumented root canals were scanned and superimposed. The amounts of canal deviation, total canal width, inner canal width, outer canal width and centering ratio were measured at apical 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 mm levels. 1. Canal preparation time was the shortest in R group (p < 0.05). 2. The amounts of total canal width in R group was generally larger than the other groups, but no significant differences were observed except at the 1, 3 mm levels (p > 0.05). 3. The amounts of inner canal width in R group was larger than M group at the 1 mm level and H group was larger than R group at the 6 mm level (p < 0.05). The amounts of outer canal width in R group was larger than H group only at the 1 mm level (p < 0.05). 4. The direction of canal deviation in H, R group at the 1, 2, 3 mm levels was outward and that in M group at the 1, 2 mm levels was inward. The amounts of canal deviation in H group was larger than R group at the 6 mm level (p < 0.05). 5. The amounts of centering ratio in H group was larger than R group at the 6 mm level (p < 0.05).
Dental Pulp Cavity

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of multiple application of all-in-one dentin adhesive system on microtensile bond strength to caries-affected dentin. Twenty one extracted human molars with occlusal caries extending into mid-dentin were prepared by grinding the occlusal surface flat. The carious lesions were excavated with the aid of caries detector dye. The following adhesives were applied to caries-affected dentin according to manufacturer's directions; Scotchbond(TM) Multi-Purpose in SM group, Adper Prompt L-Pop(TM) 1 coat in LP1 group, 2 coats in LP2 group, 3 coats in LP3 group, Xeno(R) III 1 coat in XN1 group, 2 coats in XN2 group, and 3 coats in XN3 group. After application of the adhesives, a cylinder of resin-based composite was built up on the occlusal surface. Each tooth was sectioned vertically to obtain the 1 x 1 mm2 sticks. The microtensile bond strength was determined. Each specimen was observed under SEM to examine the failure mode. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA. The results of this study were as follows; 1. The microtensile bond strength values were; SM (14.38 +/- 2.01 MPa), LP1 (9.15 +/- 1.81 MPa), LP2 (14.08 +/- 1.75 MPa), LP3 (14.06 +/- 1.45 MPa), XN1 (13.65 +/- 1.95 MPa), XN2 (13.98 +/- 1.60 MPa), XN3 (13.88 +/- 1.66 MPa). LP1 was significantly lower than the other groups in bond strength (p < 0.05). All groups except LP1 were not significantly different in bond strength (p > 0.05). 2. In LP1, there were a higher number of specimens showing adhesive failure. Most specimens of all groups except LP1 showed mixed failure.
Adhesives* ; Dentin* ; Humans ; Molar ; Tooth