Changes in core body temperature are closely related to initiation and maintenance of sleep, and are influenced by various factors such as air temperature, room temperature, clothing, human activities, and medications. These factors are closely related to sleep fragments, insomnia and other sleep disorders. Understanding the effect of the temperature related to human surroundings on the core body temperature and sleep, will be useful for understanding the physiology of sleep and to treat sleep disorders.
Body Temperature ; Circadian Rhythm ; Clothing ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Physiology ; Sleep Disorders ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders

Some patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) present with cognitive dysfunctions. The pathophysiology underlying this complication is not well understood. Type 1 DM has been associated with a decrease in the speed of information processing, psychomotor efficiency, attention, mental flexibility, and visual perception. Longitudinal epidemiological studies of type 1 DM have indicated that chronic hyperglycemia and microvascular disease, rather than repeated severe hypoglycemia, are associated with the pathogenesis of DM-related cognitive dysfunction. However, severe hypoglycemic episodes may contribute to cognitive dysfunction in high-risk patients with DM. Type 2 DM has been associated with memory deficits, decreased psychomotor speed, and reduced frontal lobe/executive function. In type 2 DM, chronic hyperglycemia, long duration of DM, presence of vascular risk factors (e.g., hypertension and obesity), and microvascular and macrovascular complications are associated with the increased risk of developing cognitive dysfunction. The pathophysiology of cognitive dysfunction in individuals with DM include the following: (1) role of hyperglycemia, (2) role of vascular disease, (3) role of hypoglycemia, and (4) role of insulin resistance and amyloid. Recently, some investigators have proposed that type 3 DM is correlated to sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. The molecular and biochemical consequences of insulin and insulin-like growth factor resistance in the brain compromise neuronal survival, energy production, gene expression, plasticity, and white matter integrity. If patients claim that their performance is worsening or if they ask about the effects of DM on functioning, screening and assessment are recommended.
Amyloid ; Automatic Data Processing ; Brain ; Cognition ; Dementia ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Hypertension ; Hypoglycemia ; Insulin ; Insulin Resistance ; Mass Screening ; Memory Disorders ; Neurons ; Plastics ; Pliability ; Research Personnel ; Risk Factors ; Vascular Diseases ; Visual Perception ; White Matter

Some patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) present with cognitive dysfunctions. The pathophysiology underlying this complication is not well understood. Type 1 DM has been associated with a decrease in the speed of information processing, psychomotor efficiency, attention, mental flexibility, and visual perception. Longitudinal epidemiological studies of type 1 DM have indicated that chronic hyperglycemia and microvascular disease, rather than repeated severe hypoglycemia, are associated with the pathogenesis of DM-related cognitive dysfunction. However, severe hypoglycemic episodes may contribute to cognitive dysfunction in high-risk patients with DM. Type 2 DM has been associated with memory deficits, decreased psychomotor speed, and reduced frontal lobe/executive function. In type 2 DM, chronic hyperglycemia, long duration of DM, presence of vascular risk factors (e.g., hypertension and obesity), and microvascular and macrovascular complications are associated with the increased risk of developing cognitive dysfunction. The pathophysiology of cognitive dysfunction in individuals with DM include the following: (1) role of hyperglycemia, (2) role of vascular disease, (3) role of hypoglycemia, and (4) role of insulin resistance and amyloid. Recently, some investigators have proposed that type 3 DM is correlated to sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. The molecular and biochemical consequences of insulin and insulin-like growth factor resistance in the brain compromise neuronal survival, energy production, gene expression, plasticity, and white matter integrity. If patients claim that their performance is worsening or if they ask about the effects of DM on functioning, screening and assessment are recommended.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the health-related quality of life (HQOL) and depression in prostate cancer patients with radial prostatectomy or hormonal therapy more than 6 months ago. METHODS: A total of 116 patients participated in the study (83 radical prostatectomy patients and 33 hormonal therapy). Data were collected from 13th September to 13th November 2012, using two instruments-translated into Korean: Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite and Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form. RESULTS: Hormonal therapy participants reported significantly higher scores of HQOL than radical prostatectomy participants did (p=.002). The HQOL subscales with significant differences were urinary function (p<.001) and incontinence (p<.001) under urinary domain and sexual bother (p<.001) under sexual domain. The level of depression was not significantly different between the two treatment groups. There were moderate negative correlations between HQOL and depression in both groups. CONCLUSION: Many of prostate cancer patients reported treatment-related functional deteriorations in urinary and sexual domains and they were depressed even more than 6 months after the treatment completion. To manage prostate cancer patients' HQOL and depression, clinicians including nurses should evaluate patients' complaints according to their treatment modality and intervene accordingly.
Depression* ; Hormone Replacement Therapy ; Humans ; Prostatectomy* ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; Quality of Life*

Mindfulness is a process in which all thoughts, feelings, sensations, and all phenomena that happen to me are uncritically recognized as they are, so that they are eventually accepted and released without identifying or automatically responding to them. The clinical effects of mindfulness-based therapy have already been demonstrated in several studies. However, consistent results have not been reported for the mechanism of mindfulness-based treatment. Thus, this review aimed to describe a systematic review of the literature and research on the mechanisms of mindfulness-based interventions. Experienced meditators showed a physiological change in a ‘wakeful hypometabolic state’ during mindfulness meditation. In mindfulness meditation, it is known that certain areas other than brain activation during relaxation are additionally activated, particularly activation of fronto-limbic and fronto-parietal neural networks. The psychological mechanisms include meta-cognitive awareness, emotion regulation, reduction of automatic and self-referential thinking, concentration control, self-compassion, improvement of value clarification and self-regulation, exposure, extinction, and reconsolidation. Of the brain regions with changes in activity associated with mindfulness meditation, prefrontal cortex, the default mode network including cortical midline structures were associated with emotion regulation, concentration control, and reduction of automatic and self-referential thinking. In addition, brain regions associated with mindfulness meditation have been reported in the hippocampus, amygdala, and medical frontal cortices associated with memory reconsolidation and fear extinction. Thus, mindfulness-based interventions have a psychological and neurobiological effect with a special mechanism different from other psychological interventions, so that mindfulness based intervention can be an effective therapeutic intervention with a different mechanism from other psychological techniques.
Amygdala ; Brain ; Frontal Lobe ; Hippocampus ; Meditation ; Memory ; Mindfulness ; Prefrontal Cortex ; Psychological Techniques ; Relaxation ; Self-Control ; Sensation ; Thinking

BACKGROUND: Dapagliflozin is an oral selective inhibitor of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2(SGLT2), the kidney transporter chiefly responsible for glucose reabsorption from the glomerular filtrate. Because this mechanism does not require the action of insulin, dapagliflozin rarely causes hypoglycemia. Dapagliflozin may affect blood glucose control as well as blood pressure and the body weight which are one of the cardiovascular disease risk factors. However, dehydration and ketoacidosis are reported as the side effects of the dapagliflozin treatment and the safety issues have been occurred. The aim of this study is to analyze the effectiveness and adverse events of dapagliflozin in Korean patients. METHODS: From December 2014 to August 2015, we retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records of type 2 diabetes patients who were prescribed dapagliflozin at Severance Hospital. RESULTS: A total of 202 Korean patients were enrolled in this study. The effectiveness in the reduction of blood glucose was statistically significant(p < 0.001). Dapagliflozin decreased 0.74% of HbA1c after 24 weeks. Significantly more participants achieved the target HbA1c level(HbA1c < 7%) after 24 weeks(n=42, 35.3%) than before taking dapagliflozin(n=21, 17.6%). Blood pressure decreased 5.7 mmHg s ystolic b lood p ressure(SBP), 1.9 mmHg d iastolic b lood p ressure(DBP) a fter 24 weeks. M ore than o ne q uarter of participants(n=35, 29.4%) experienced weight loss. Most common adverse event was genitourinary symptoms. CONCLUSION: In this study, the effectiveness of dapagliflozin in improving glycemic control, blood pressure control, and weight loss was statistically significant. However, elderly and female patients, who have higher incidence of adverse events, should use dapagliflozin cautiously.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore gender-role identity and cyber delinquency in high school students. METHODS: Data were collected through self-administered questionnaires and analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, and ANOVA. The data survey was conducted with 1,208 conveniently selected high school students in Seoul, Gyung-gi and Chung-chung province. RESULTS: The cyber delinquency score was 38.94 and androgyny gender role identity was most common (34.0%). There were significant differences in cyber delinquency by academic year, gender, school record, economic status, educational background of parents, experiences of smoking, drinking, runaway, and gender-role identity. According to gender-role identity, the masculinity group showed highest cyber delinquency and the undifferentiated, androgyny, and femininity groups followed respectively. CONCLUSION: These findings are expected to make a contribution to creation of ideal interventions and to help discover early stage cyber delinquency in high school students as approached by gender role identity.
Adolescent ; Child ; Drinking ; Educational Status ; Femininity ; Gender Identity ; Homeless Youth ; Humans ; Juvenile Delinquency ; Masculinity ; Parents ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Seoul ; Smoke ; Smoking

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore gender-role identity and cyber delinquency in high school students. METHODS: Data were collected through self-administered questionnaires and analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, and ANOVA. The data survey was conducted with 1,208 conveniently selected high school students in Seoul, Gyung-gi and Chung-chung province. RESULTS: The cyber delinquency score was 38.94 and androgyny gender role identity was most common (34.0%). There were significant differences in cyber delinquency by academic year, gender, school record, economic status, educational background of parents, experiences of smoking, drinking, runaway, and gender-role identity. According to gender-role identity, the masculinity group showed highest cyber delinquency and the undifferentiated, androgyny, and femininity groups followed respectively. CONCLUSION: These findings are expected to make a contribution to creation of ideal interventions and to help discover early stage cyber delinquency in high school students as approached by gender role identity.
Adolescent ; Child ; Drinking ; Educational Status ; Femininity ; Gender Identity ; Homeless Youth ; Humans ; Juvenile Delinquency ; Masculinity ; Parents ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Seoul ; Smoke ; Smoking

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to conduct a concept analysis of cultural nursing competence. METHODS: Cultural nursing competence was analyzed using Rodgers' evolutionary concept development method. A literature search using the keywords "cultural nursing competence", "intercultural nursing competence", "cultural nursing", "cultural health nursing", and "cultural competence" was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, ERIC, and RISS on material published before 2015. Database and bibliographic searches yielded 35 records. RESULTS: Cultural nursing competence comprised cognitive, affective, and behavioral domains. The critical attributes of the concept were sensitivity, equality, and activity. The analysis identified the following dimensions: awareness, openness, and coherence. The consequences of cultural nursing competence were personal satisfaction and social justice. The definition contained competence on both an individual and social level. CONCLUSION: Cultural competency enhances quality of care by narrowing health disparities and increasing client satisfaction. The concept analysis of cultural nursing competence may offer an acceptable framework which can be used to develop psychometric tools of this concept and provide guidelines in nursing practice.
Cultural Competency ; Mental Competency* ; Methods ; Nursing* ; Personal Satisfaction ; Psychometrics ; Social Justice

OBJECTIVE: Physical or mental imbalance caused by harmful stimuli can induce stress to maintain homeostasis. During chronic stress, the sympathetic nervous system is hyperactivated, causing physical, psychological, and behavioral abnormalities. At present, there is no accepted standard for stress evaluation. This review aimed to survey studies providing a rationale for selecting heart rate variability (HRV) as a psychological stress indicator. METHODS: Term searches in the Web of Science®, National Library of Medicine (PubMed), and Google Scholar databases yielded 37 publications meeting our criteria. The inclusion criteria were involvement of human participants, HRV as an objective psychological stress measure, and measured HRV reactivity. RESULTS: In most studies, HRV variables changed in response to stress induced by various methods. The most frequently reported factor associated with variation in HRV variables was low parasympathetic activity, which is characterized by a decrease in the high-frequency band and an increase in the low-frequency band. Neuroimaging studies suggested that HRV may be linked to cortical regions (e.g., the ventromedial prefrontal cortex) that are involved in stressful situation appraisal. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the current neurobiological evidence suggests that HRV is impacted by stress and supports its use for the objective assessment of psychological health and stress.
Autonomic Nervous System ; Heart Rate* ; Heart* ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; National Library of Medicine (U.S.) ; Neuroimaging ; Stress, Psychological ; Sympathetic Nervous System