As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly spread worldwide, there are growing concerns about patients' mental health. We investigated psychological problems in COVID-19 patients assessed with self-reported questionnaires including the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale, and Impact of Event ScaleRevised Korean version. Ten patients who recovered from COVID-19 pneumonia without complications underwent self-reported questionnaires about 1 month after discharge. Of them, 10% reported depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) while 50% had depression during the treatment. Perceived stigma and history of psychiatric treatment affected PTSD symptom severity, consistent with previous emerging infectious diseases. Survivors also reported that they were concerned about infecting others and being discriminated and that they chose to avoid others after discharge. Further support and strategy to minimize their psychosocial difficulties after discharge should be considered.

IOP was measured with 3 different tools, namely, the Pulsair peumotonometer(A), the Oculab Tono-pen(B), and the Goldmann applanation tonometer(C), in order to evaluate the clinical usefulness of each. 174 eyes without corneal opacity and corneal edema were measured. The results were as follows; 1. The correlation coefficient was 0.85(P<0.005) between A and C, 0.82(P<0.005) between B and C and 0.83(P<0.005) between A and B. The correlative formulas between the measurements of IOPs were produced to be: A = 0.73 X C + 5.49, B = 0.76 X C + 5.33, A = 0.78 X B + 3.87. 2. At low IOPs(<10 mmHg) as Measured by C(11 eyes), the correlation Coefficient was 0.81(P<0.05) between B and C. However, A and B valuse tended to be highter than C value. 3. At relatively high IOPs(>20 mmHg)as measured by C(56 eyes), the correleation coefficient was 0.83 between A and C(P<0.0001) and 0.82(P<0.0001) between B and C. However, A and B values tended to be lower than c value. 4. At relatively high IOPs(>20 mmHg)as measurde by C, the sensitivity of A was 60.53% and that of B was 73.68%. According to this study, no significant difference could be found among these three tools. However, at low IOPs(<10 mmHg), the Oculab Tono-pen and Pulsair pneumotonometer tended to show higher values than the Goldmann applanation tonometer. In case of relatively high IOPs(>20 mmHg as measured by the Goldman tonometer), the Oculab Tono-pen and Pulsair pneumotonometer tended to show lower values than the Goldmana applanation tono meter and the sensitivity of the Oculab Tono-pen showed higher than that of the Pulsair pneumotonomer.
Corneal Edema ; Corneal Opacity ; Intraocular Pressure

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between obesity and pelvic organ prolapse (POP), both anatomically and symptomatically, in Korean women. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 476 women who visited the urogynecology clinic between January 2013 and December 2016. All the enrolled women were Korean. We sought to evaluate the relationship between obesity and POP, both anatomically and symptomatically, by using a validated tool. Anatomic assessment was performed by a standardized Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POP-Q) system and symptomatic assessment was performed by a Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI)-20 questionnaire. Obesity measurement was performed by measuring body mass index (BMI). Results: We enrolled 476 women in our study. There was no statistically significant correlation between BMI and POP-Q or PFDI-20 scores: Ba (P=0.633), Bp (P=0.363), C (P=0.277), Pelvic Organ Prolapse Distress Inventory-6 (P=0.286), Colorectal Anal Distress Inventory-8 (P=0.960), Urinary Distress Inventory-6 (P=0.355), and PFDI-20 (P=0.355). In addition, there was no statistically significant correlation between BMI and POP-Q or PFDI-20 in patients with severe (greater than stage III) POP. We also separately analyzed the differences in the POP-Q points and PFDI-20 scores between the obese and non-obese groups. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups. Conclusion We evaluated the correlation between obesity and POP using a validated tool. The present study revealed no significant correlation between obesity and POP severity anatomically or symptomatically in Korean women. This contrasts the results of most studies of Western women. Further studies in Asian women are required in order to confirm our results.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between obesity and pelvic organ prolapse (POP), both anatomically and symptomatically, in Korean women. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 476 women who visited the urogynecology clinic between January 2013 and December 2016. All the enrolled women were Korean. We sought to evaluate the relationship between obesity and POP, both anatomically and symptomatically, by using a validated tool. Anatomic assessment was performed by a standardized Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POP-Q) system and symptomatic assessment was performed by a Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI)-20 questionnaire. Obesity measurement was performed by measuring body mass index (BMI). Results: We enrolled 476 women in our study. There was no statistically significant correlation between BMI and POP-Q or PFDI-20 scores: Ba (P=0.633), Bp (P=0.363), C (P=0.277), Pelvic Organ Prolapse Distress Inventory-6 (P=0.286), Colorectal Anal Distress Inventory-8 (P=0.960), Urinary Distress Inventory-6 (P=0.355), and PFDI-20 (P=0.355). In addition, there was no statistically significant correlation between BMI and POP-Q or PFDI-20 in patients with severe (greater than stage III) POP. We also separately analyzed the differences in the POP-Q points and PFDI-20 scores between the obese and non-obese groups. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups. Conclusion We evaluated the correlation between obesity and POP using a validated tool. The present study revealed no significant correlation between obesity and POP severity anatomically or symptomatically in Korean women. This contrasts the results of most studies of Western women. Further studies in Asian women are required in order to confirm our results.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of graded (adjustable intraoperatively) partial vertical rectus muscle tenotomy at the insertion in correcting small degrees of hypertropia. METHODS: All patients with best corrected visual acuity of better than 6/30 in both eyes who had undergone only partial tenotomy of vertical rectus muscle(s) over a 30-month period were included. Improvement was evaluated 6 weeks postoperatively as the change in alignment in prism diopters (PD) in primary gaze and in the field of action of the affected rectus muscle(s). Binocular function was evaluated by Titmus stereoacuity and the Worth 4-light tests. RESULTS: All 24 patients who met the inclusion criteria had diplopia preoperatively, and this had resolved in 17 (71%) postoperatively (P<0.005). Prisms were used by 6 preoperatively vs. 2 postoperatively (P<0.05). The average vertical deviation in primary gaze decreased from 8 PD to 2 PD (P<0.005). In the field of action of the treated rectus muscle, hypertropia decreased from an average of 8 PD to 3 PD (P<0.005). For the available pre- and post-operative assessments, stereoacuity improved after 10 of the 18 (56%) procedures and Worth 4-light testing showed improvement or maintenance of fusion after 13 of 19 procedures (68%). CONCLUSIONS: Graded vertical rectus partial tenotomy can effectively reduce small degrees of hypertropia and associated diplopia, improve binocular function, and reduce or eliminate the need for prism correction.
Diplopia ; Humans ; Muscles* ; Strabismus* ; Telescopes ; Tenotomy* ; Visual Acuity

Cell cultures of adults bovine retinal pigment epithelium(RPE) were propagated from central and peripheral regions of the same eyes to study the topographical differences in cell growth and to compare the differences in growth rate between two areas. The results obtained were as follows: A regional variation in the morpholgy was observed between the RPE from central and that from peripheral regions. Retinal pigment epithelium from central region attached to culture dish more slowly(average 4 days) than those from peripheral region(average 3.5 days) The growth rate of retinal pigment epithelium declined with serial passage in culture. The growth rate of retinal pigment epithelium from peripheral region at the first generation was highest. And there was a statistical difference in growth rate with passing in generation(P<0.05). This study reveals that growth rate and cell activity of RPE from central region are lower than from peripheral region.
Adult ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Humans ; Macular Degeneration ; Retinal Pigment Epithelium* ; Retinaldehyde* ; Serial Passage

This study was performed in order to investigate the relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), dietary habit and caffeine intake in upper-grade elementary school children. The total number of the study subjects was 237 students (111 boys and 126 girls), where 30 students (12.7%) were diagnosed as ADHD. The dietary habit score of the ADHD group was significantly lower than that of the normal group. In particular, the ADHD group had lower dietary scores in consuming daily breakfast, diverse foods, fruit and milk than those in the normal group. Meanwhile, the daily intake frequency of instant noodle (ramyeon) was significantly higher in the ADHD group than that in the normal group. The mean caffeine intake of the students was 42.95 mg and the proportion of students consuming more than the ADI (acceptable daily intake) was 11.8%. The caffeine intake of ADHD group (63.63 mg) tended to be higher than that of the normal group (39.95 mg); however, it was not significantly different. The ADHD score of the students was negatively related with the dietary habit score (r = -0.279, p < 0.01) but positively related with caffeine intake (r = 0.164, p < 0.05). The dietary habit score had a negative relationship with caffeine intake (r = -0.180, p < 0.01) and a positive relationship with height (r = 0.195, p < 0.01). Caffeine intake had a negative relationship with the height of the students (r = -0.171, p < 0.05). In conclusion, ADHD in children was related to poor dietary habit and high caffeine intake.
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; Breakfast ; Caffeine ; Child ; Food Habits ; Fruit ; Humans ; Milk

Purpose: To analyze the intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering effect, prognostic factors, and complications that occurred after iStent inject® or XEN® implantation in South Korea. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 83 eyes with glaucoma who were followed-up for more than 6 months after iStent inject® or XEN® implantation alone or combination with cataract surgery. The success of surgery was defined as an IOP ≤21 mmHg and IOP reduction ≥20% from preoperative IOP. Results: The average IOP drop rate for 6 months after surgery was 33.80% for iStent inject® (group A, 24 eyes), 24.91% for XEN® (group B, 15 eyes), 20.47% for combined iStent inject® and cataract surgery (group A-1, 32 eyes), and 30.39% for combined XEN® and cataract surgery. The cumulative success rate of 6 months after surgery was 45.5% ± 11.2% for group A, 52.8% ± 15.4% for group B, 51.9% ± 9.0% for group A-1, and 83.3% ± 10.8% for group B-1. The difference in success rates between groups A and B was not statistically significant (p = 0.574), and also between groups A-1 and B-1 (p = 0.079). Conclusions iStent inject® and XEN® both have a significant effect on lowering IOP, regardless of combining cataract surgery. XEN® implantation led to a statistically significant reduction in IOP lowering medications.

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinura is a very rare acquired clonal hematopoietic cell disorder leading to chronic intravascular hemolysis caused by abnormal complement activation. Pregnancy in a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is often complicated with thrombosis resulting serious materno-fetal morbidity and mortality. A case of successful maintenance of the pregnancy, delivery and postpartum in a woman at gestational age of 37 weeks and 2 days with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria managed with prophylactic transfusions and anticoagulation therapy by low molecular weight heparin is presented with a review of literature.
Complement Activation ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal* ; Hemolysis ; Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight* ; Humans ; Mortality ; Postpartum Period ; Pregnancy ; Thrombosis

BACKGROUND/AIMS: We evaluated the status of antibiotic stewardship programs (ASPs) for physicians. This survey was a follow-up study of data from 2006 and was performed with some new questions about ASPs. METHODS: The online survey collected information on infectious diseases from doctors in 84 hospitals. The questions included some about ASPs. The data were analyzed and compared with a previous report. RESULTS: Responses came from 40 hospitals. ASPs existed in 87.5% of these (95.5% in 2006), and a computerized preauthorization system was the most common method (85.0%, 59.1% in 2006). An antimicrobial management team existed in 33 hospitals (82.5%), and the preauthorization systems were mainly implemented by infectious disease doctors (72.5%). Incentives to set up ASPs existed in only 12.5% of hospitals (2.3% in 2006). CONCLUSIONS: Computerized preauthorization ASP systems are relatively more common. To improve the uptake of ASPs in each hospital a team approach from the medical institutions is required, along with the cooperation and willingness of those involved.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Communicable Diseases ; Follow-Up Studies ; Motivation ; Viperidae