PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the moderating effects of social support between emotional labor and job satisfaction in clinical nurses. METHODS: Participants were 311 clinical nurses and data were collected from July 11th to 18th, 2014. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and hierarchical multiple regression with SPSS 21.0. RESULTS: The job satisfaction indicated a significant relationship to surface-acting (r=-.191, p=.001), deep-acting (r=.179, p=.002) and social support (r=.342, p<.001) respectively. Emotional labor significantly affected job satisfaction (F=11.592, p<.001), and explained 5.4% of the variance in job satisfaction. The social support acted as a moderator on the relationship between emotional labor and job satisfaction at significant level (F=11.416, p<.001). CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that it is important to develop social support promoting and stress relief program for clinical nurses to improve job satisfaction.
Job Satisfaction*

The present study was intended to define the relationship of radiological findings and pathological types ofprimary lung cancer. The 85 cases were selected after confirmation of the cell types by bronchoscopic biopsy,cervical lymph node or thoracotomy biopsy and lung resection. Results of the study were presented below. 1.Primary lung cancer is frequently developed after 4th decade and males were affected more frequently than femaleswith ratio of 2 to 1. 2. The frequencies of pathologic cell types of lung cancer were presented as follows.Squamous cell carcinoma 40% Adenocarcinoma 25% Undifferentiated cell carcinoma 30% Alveolar cell carcinoma 5% 3.The findings of plain chest radiograph were presented as follows. In squamous cell carcinoma, hilar enlargement orhilar mass is the most frequent finding (53%) with atelectasis(26%) or obstructive pneumonitis(26%). Inadenocarcinoma, pleural effusion is accompained about half of cases (53%). In undifferentiated cell carcinoma,hilar mass with mediastinal widening and pleural effusion is frequent finding.
Adenocarcinoma ; Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar ; Biopsy ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; Lung ; Lymph Nodes ; Male ; Pleural Effusion ; Radiography, Thoracic ; Thoracotomy

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate disease prevalence, parent's educational needs, and disease management according to severity of respiratory infections in early childhood. METHODS: Participants for this study were 173 mothers whose child was admitted to I university hospital in Seoul and whose child was an infant or toddler. Data were collected from December, 17, 2014 to February, 15, 2015 using self-report structured questionnaires. Data were analyzed using IBM/SPSS 21.0 program. RESULTS: There were significant differences in the severity of respiratory infection according to neonatal admission due to dyspnea, feeding type, atopic dermatitis in the infant or allergic disease in father and siblings. Parent's educational needs for the severe respiratory infection group were higher than for the non-severe group. Parent's disease management for the severe respiratory infection group was lower than the non-severe group. CONCLUSION: As important care factors in neonatal admissions include dyspnea, cow milk feeding, eczema, family history of allergies, parent's educational needs and disease management, they should be considered when caring for young children with respiratory infections and their parents.
Child ; Dermatitis, Atopic ; Disease Management* ; Dyspnea ; Eczema ; Fathers ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Infant ; Milk ; Mothers ; Parents ; Prevalence* ; Respiratory Tract Infections* ; Seoul ; Siblings

No abstract available.
Decision Support Techniques* ; Stroke*

Breast ultrasound and mammography are established procedures for the diagnosis of breast masses while new technology is opening the door for early cancer diagnosis. The limitation of ultrasound and mammography is that they are only based on physical properties. Recently, using a color doppler system, detection of color flow signal and a resistance index that depend on the blood flow and the blood velocity was applied for diagnosis of breast malignancy. Sixty-five patients admitted for breast surgery were studied. The final diagnosis was made by pathology for thirty malignancies and thirty-five benign lesions. The color doppler measurements on the breast lesions were made preoperatively. The following parameter were assessed :flow velocity, color signal grade and resistance index. The results are as follows: 1) Color signals were detected in twenty-four of the thirty malignancies and in seven of thirty-five benign lesions. 2) Malignant lesions showed a significantly higher maximum velocity (mean=12.52 cm/sec vs 6.34 cm/sec). 3) The resistance index values in the malignancies was higher compared to that in the benign lesions (P < 0.01), a cutoff point 0.6 was used. 4) The color signal grade was grade 0 and I in thirty-four cases of the benign breast lesions (97%) and grade II and III in fifteen of the malignant breast lesions (50%). 5) In breast cancer, the color signal was detected more often in large masses above 2 cm is size,but the result was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Color doppler flow examination is a useful method for evaluation of benign and malignant breast lesions.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Diagnosis* ; Humans ; Mammography ; Pathology ; Ultrasonography

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of early motor balance and coordination training on functional recovery and brain plasticity in an ischemic rat stroke model, compared with simple locomotor exercise. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats with cortical infarcts were trained under one of four conditions: nontrained control, treadmill training, motor training on the Rota-rod, or both Rota-rod and treadmill training. All types of training were performed from post-operation day 1 to 14. Neurological and behavioral performance was evaluated by Menzies' scale, the prehensile test, and the limb placement test, at post-operation day 1, 7, and 14. Both Rota-rod and treadmill training increased the expression of synaptophysin in subcortical regions of the ischemic hemisphere including the hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and thalamus, but did not affect levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor or tyrosin kinase receptor B. The Rota-rod training also improved Menzies' scale and limb placement test scores, whereas the simple treadmill training did neither. The control group showed significant change only in Menzies' scale score. This study suggests that early motor balance and coordination training may induce plastic changes in subcortical regions of the ischemic hemisphere after stroke accompanied with the recovery of sensorimotor performance.
Animals ; Brain Ischemia/metabolism/physiopathology ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/metabolism ; Dentate Gyrus/metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Hippocampus/metabolism ; Immunohistochemistry ; Male ; Motor Activity ; Neuronal Plasticity/physiology ; Physical Conditioning, Animal ; Physical Therapy Modalities ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptor, trkB/metabolism ; Stroke/*metabolism/physiopathology ; Synaptophysin/*metabolism ; Thalamus/metabolism ; Time Factors

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Process improvement (PI) is an approach for enhancing the existing quality improvement process by making changes while keeping the existing process. We have shown that implementation of a stroke code program using a computerized physician order entry system is effective in reducing the in-hospital time delay to thrombolysis in acute stroke patients. We investigated whether implementation of this PI could further reduce the time delays by continuous improvement of the existing process. METHODS: After determining a key indicator [time interval from emergency department (ED) arrival to intravenous (IV) thrombolysis] and conducting data analysis, the target time from ED arrival to IV thrombolysis in acute stroke patients was set at 40 min. The key indicator was monitored continuously at a weekly stroke conference. The possible reasons for the delay were determined in cases for which IV thrombolysis was not administered within the target time and, where possible, the problems were corrected. The time intervals from ED arrival to the various evaluation steps and treatment before and after implementation of the PI were compared. RESULTS: The median time interval from ED arrival to IV thrombolysis in acute stroke patients was significantly reduced after implementation of the PI (from 63.5 to 45 min, p=0.001). The variation in the time interval was also reduced. A reduction in the evaluation time intervals was achieved after the PI [from 23 to 17 min for computed tomography scanning (p=0.003) and from 35 to 29 min for complete blood counts (p=0.006)]. CONCLUSIONS: PI is effective for continuous improvement of the existing process by reducing the time delays between ED arrival and IV thrombolysis in acute stroke patients.
Blood Cell Count ; Emergency Medical Services ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Humans ; Medical Order Entry Systems ; Quality Improvement ; Statistics as Topic ; Stroke*

OBJECTIVES: The stress response involves the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal(HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system. Corticosteroids have been clearly demonstrated to cause anti-inflammatory and/or immnosuppressive effects in man including granulocytosis in part by decreasing migration into tissue, especially damaged tissues(myocardium), and circulating relative lymphocytopenia. To test whether automated measurements of the the increased serum cortisol-induced hematologic changes in the leukocyte differential significance or not in the initial differential diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in acute chest pain syndromes. METHODS: 101 consecutive patients with myocardial infarction or myocardial ischemia presenting to the emergency room of Seoul Adventist Hospital with acute chest pain from January 1993 to August 1995(Retrospective group) and from December 1995 to March patients compatible with exclusion criteria in myocardial infarction were excluded. We measured automated leukocyte differential and serial CK-MB level in both groups, and the intial serum cortisol levels in prospective infarction group. RESULTS: 1) Total leukocyte and granulocyte counts were increased in acute myocardial infarction(p<0.01). 2) In acute myocardial infarction group, lymphocyte counts were slightly increased(p<0.05), but relative lymphocytes percentage more significantly decreased(p<0.01). 3) Serum cortisol levels are significantly raised early in the course of the acute myocardial infarction and prior to the elevation of the specific cardiac enzymes on the basis of analytic results of prospective infarction group. 4) Cortisol-induced changes in leukocyte differential were noted with time passes into reverse approximately 4 days later in our study. 5) The leukocyte differential does not shows significant changes in the retrospective myocardial ischemia group, so we arrive in careful conclusion that serum cortisol level seems does not increase. 6) No sexual differences were noted in leukocyte differential. CONCLUSIONS: The serum cortisol level and cortisol-induced leukocyte differential are helpful for initial differential diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in acute chest pain sysdrome.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Chest Pain* ; Diagnosis, Differential* ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Granulocytes ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone* ; Infarction ; Leukocytes* ; Lymphocyte Count ; Lymphocytes ; Lymphopenia ; Myocardial Infarction ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Prospective Studies ; Retrospective Studies ; Seoul ; Sympathetic Nervous System ; Thorax*

BACKGROUND: Succinylcholine (Sch) has been generally reported not to produce tetanic stimulation fade on train of four in phase I block, except phase II block. But, the prejunctional phenomenon of Sch during onset is rarely reported these days, and so we investigated whether the prejunctional phenomenon of Sch during onset exists in cats. METHODS: We checked train of four ratios (TOF-R) and tetanic fade ratios (TF-R) by using a nerve stimulator before and after 50microgram/kg of Sch less than ED95 was administered, and during recovery in anesthetized cats. We analyzed TOF-R and TF-R before drug administration as a control and during onset and recovery time in order to estimate the statistic significance of fade. RESULTS: TOF fade and tetanic stimulation during the onset of Sch appeared like those in the partial block of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockades TOF-R and TF-R during Sch onset compared with those in control and recovery time of Sch had statistical significance (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The prejunctional phenomenon appeared only during Sch onset in cats and then disappeared during recovery to the control level.
Animals ; Cats* ; Refractory Period, Electrophysiological ; Succinylcholine*

Dextromethorphan and chlorpeniramine are common ingredients of over-the-counter (OTC) cough pills. They are known to be safe when used alone, however, combination with other serotonergic drugs or use of an overdose can cause serotonergic toxicity. We report on a 43-year-old male and a 57-year-old female who ingested an overdose of antitussive drugs containing dextromethorphan and chlorpeniramine. They commonly presented with altered mentality and hyperreflexia on both upper and lower extremities. After conservative therapies, they were discharged with alert mentality. These cases are meaningful in that there are few cases of serotonin syndrome with an overdose of a combination of dextromethorphan and chlorpeniramine. Careful use with medication counseling for OTC cough pills is needed in order to prevent overdose of these ingredients.
Adult ; Antitussive Agents ; Cough ; Counseling ; Dextromethorphan ; Female ; Humans ; Lower Extremity ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Reflex, Abnormal ; Serotonin ; Serotonin Agents ; Serotonin Syndrome