The purpose of this study were to find out the practical way to enlarged child-raising knowledge and to enhance their satisfaction with out-patient care by evaluating how effectively the education is done by nurses for mothers with ill-child and how their satisfaction with out-patient care changed. This study was designed as a Nonequivalent Control Group study. The subjects studied were consisted of the experimental and control group. Each consisted of 50 mothers with ill-child in pediatric department at one university hospital in Seoul. The period of this study is from May 20, 1996 to June 28, 1996. The first data were collected fro both of experimental and control groups in which mothers with ill-child come to the hospital for the first time. After this being done, the experimental group had been educated by the planned program and then the second data were collected from them. On the contrary, as for the control group, there had been no education and the second data were collected on the same method. The data analysis was done by SPSS program. The results of this study are as follow, 1. The child-raising knowledge level of mothers with education was higher than that of with no education.(t=18.84, df=49, p=0.000) 2. The satisfaction with out-patient care level of mothers with education was higher than that of no education.(t=10.51, df=49, p=0.000) Based on these results, I suggest as follow, 1. The research on the patients and their family should be made not only in pediatric department, but in every out-patient department. 2. For more effective education, it is required for all out-patient nurses to research the education demand of patients and their family. 3. To increase the effect of education, there must be the consultation room in out-patient department. 4. The meetings with the mothers with ill-child of the same illness have to be established and periodical education must be executed. 5. Audio-visual education programs like video tapes are needed to make use of waiting time for the medical treatment. 6. On-line consulting program are needed.
Education ; Humans ; Mothers* ; Outpatients* ; Seoul ; Statistics as Topic ; Child Health

Along with the steady growth of health functional food (HFF) markets, research evaluating the human effects of HFF has been expanding. In this study, we investigated the regulatory and management system of human study on HFF in the USA, Japan and UK, and the Korean domestic regulations on HHF, medicines, medical devices, cosmetics and biotechnology in order to improve the domestic management system. In these four countries, institutional review board (IRB) or research ethics committee (REC) approvals are required for on human study of HHF, but regulatory and management systems differ from country to country. In the USA, human studies on HFF for structure/function claims do not require the FDA's prior approval but clinical trials of the disease treatment effects of HHF require prior approval from the FDA. In the USA, IRBs are managed by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) rather than the FDA, and IRBs in those institutions which would execute the clinical trials requiring prior approval from the FDA or human studies funded by the USA federal government are required to be registered on the DHHS. In the UK, although the government does not require prior approval of human study, authorized RECs managed by the National Research Ethics Service (NRES) and other independent RECs review the human study. In Japan, human study for HFF must conform with "Ethical guidelines for epidemiological research" and IRB registration has not been required. In Korean domestic regulations, the responsibilities, compositions, functions and operations of IRBs on medicines, medical devices and biotechnology are legally specified, but not those of IRB on HHF. These foreign statuses for the management of human study on HFF and comparisons with Korean regulations are expected to be used as basic data to improve the domestic legal system.
Biotechnology ; Cosmetics ; Ethics Committees, Research ; Ethics, Research ; Federal Government ; Financial Management ; Functional Food ; Humans ; Japan ; Social Control, Formal ; United States Dept. of Health and Human Services

The Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor is a rare sex cord stromal tumor of the ovary, accounting for less than 0.5% of all primary ovarian neoplasm. This tumor is the most common type of all virilizing ovarian tumors. However, only one-third of patients develop virilization. Recently, we experienced a case of intermediately differentiated Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor with amenorrhea and so we present it with brief review of literature.
Amenorrhea ; Female ; Humans ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; Ovary ; Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor* ; Sex Cord-Gonadal Stromal Tumors ; Virilism

PURPOSE: To evaluate the glaucoma discrimination ability of visual field index (VFI), a new perimetric index of Humphrey field analyzer II, in glaucoma patients with central and peripheral visual field defects (VFD). METHODS: Humphrey visual field test and OCT were performed in 204 glaucomatous eyes and 70 healthy eyes. The associations of VFI with mean deviation (MD), pattern standard deviation (PSD), and average retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) were analyzed using Pearson's correlation. The diagnostic abilities of the parameters were analyzed using the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROC). The AUROC were compared between MD-matched patients with central VFD (at least one point with p < 1% within the central most 16 points of 30-2 SITA standard automated visual field) and peripheral VFD (VFD beyond the central most 16 points of 30-2 SITA standard automated visual field). RESULTS: The associations between analyzed parameters and VFI were statistically significant. The MD, RNFLT, age, intraocular pressure, and central cornea thickness were not different between the two groups (p > 0.05). The AUROC value of VFI was greater than those of the MD and average RNFLT but was not different from that of PSD (p = 0.332) in the central VFD group. However, there were no significant differences between AUROC value of VFI and those of other parameters in the peripheral VFD group (all, p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results from the present study suggest that VFI may be more useful than MD in diagnosing glaucoma, especially in patients with central VFD.
Cornea ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Eye ; Glaucoma ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Nerve Fibers ; Retinaldehyde ; ROC Curve ; Visual Field Tests ; Visual Fields

Background: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, health care workers (HCWs) have faced multiple physical and psychological challenges while carrying out their duties. In this study, we examined the experiences of specific groups of HCWs during the pandemic. Methods: From 18 November to 30 December 2020, we conducted a qualitative study using semi-structured, face-to-face interviews with four groups of 14 HCWs in three cities (Seoul, Daegu, and Gwangju) in South Korea. The HCWs who participated in the focus groups included physicians, nurses, medical practitioners, and cleaning staff who directly or indirectly cared for patients during the COVID-19 epidemic. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using the consensual qualitative research approach. Results: Our qualitative data analysis revealed four main domains: work-related struggles, personal life-related struggles, psychological stress, and health-related struggles. Health care providers were challenged by working in critical situations and were overwhelmed by heavy workloads, fear of infection, lifestyle changes, and psychological and physical struggles. Conclusion Our findings could serve as a foundation for establishing health care systems and policies that help HCWs cope with occupational stress, thus increasing their ability to adapt to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, health care workers (HCWs) have faced multiple physical and psychological challenges while carrying out their duties. In this study, we examined the experiences of specific groups of HCWs during the pandemic. Methods: From 18 November to 30 December 2020, we conducted a qualitative study using semi-structured, face-to-face interviews with four groups of 14 HCWs in three cities (Seoul, Daegu, and Gwangju) in South Korea. The HCWs who participated in the focus groups included physicians, nurses, medical practitioners, and cleaning staff who directly or indirectly cared for patients during the COVID-19 epidemic. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using the consensual qualitative research approach. Results: Our qualitative data analysis revealed four main domains: work-related struggles, personal life-related struggles, psychological stress, and health-related struggles. Health care providers were challenged by working in critical situations and were overwhelmed by heavy workloads, fear of infection, lifestyle changes, and psychological and physical struggles. Conclusion Our findings could serve as a foundation for establishing health care systems and policies that help HCWs cope with occupational stress, thus increasing their ability to adapt to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

Purpose: The aim of study is to analyze the associations between menopause symptoms, including sleep quality and depressive symptoms, and body composition, physical fitness, and physical activity indices in middle-aged women. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 91 women aged 45 to 55 years. The study employed the Menopause Rating Scale to assess menopausal symptoms, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index to evaluate sleep quality, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale to measure depressive symptoms. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by breath-by-breath respiratory exchange during an incremental cycle ergometer, while muscle fitness was assessed by hand grip strength measurement. Physical activity was assessed using both the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and Fitbit devices. Results: According to correlation analysis, indicators of obesity such as body fat and waist circumference were positively associated with menopausal symptoms. Conversely, muscle fitness and engaging in light physical activity were negatively associated with these symptoms. Conclusion This study identified physical indicators in Korean middle-aged women linked to menopausal symptoms.This study suggests that exercise programs for middle-aged women should include resistance training and promote physical activity to improve obesity markers and manage menopausal symptoms for healthy aging.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to identify mother and infant related factors that influence child-care stress among the mother of newborn infants. METHODS: Data were collected through self-administered questionnaires and descriptive statistics, correlation and multiple regression were used to analyze the data. The data survey was conducted with 957 conveniently selected mothers of infants when they visited a public health center in Seoul to have their children immunized. RESULTS: The average item score for the Childcare Stress Inventory was 38.03, for the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, 9.31 and for the Degree of Bother Inventory, 23.42. The CSI was positively correlated to EPDS (r=.44, p<.001) and DBI (r=.40, p<.001). Also these two variables explained 30.0% of CSI in infants' mothers. CONCLUSION: These findings are expected to expand the understanding about postpartum mothers' child-care stress and can contribute to the development of comprehensive interventions based on community health nursing.
Child ; Community Health Nursing ; Depression ; Depression, Postpartum ; Female ; Humans ; Indoleacetic Acids ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Mothers ; Postpartum Period ; Public Health ; Temperament ; Child Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the rates at which women with a previous cesarean delivery were offered and consented to trial of labor (TOL) and to investigate the factors affecting the decision making about mode of delivery METHODS: For 12 months duration, pregnant women with one previous cesarean were enrolled prospectively in this study. Eligibility to TOL was defined as pregnancy after 36 weeks of gestation without medical or obstetric indication of cesarean section. Patients were received counseling and consented to the process of TOL. The social and obstetric factors were collected through interview and the medical records were analyzed. RESULTS: Among the initial 185 patients with one previous cesarean, 106 were considered eligible to TOL. Seventy-two patients out of the 106 delivered with elective repeat cesarean while 34 patients tried TOL; 24 were delivered with vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC), while 10 were received emergency cesarean section. The indications of cesarean section were cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD, 7 cases) and fetal distress (FD, 1 case). Two received emergency cesarean without definite obstetric indication. The rate of high education, college greaduate or more was higher in the group of TOL than in those of elective cesarean (50% vs 68%, p=0.04). The rates of patients with indication of previous cesarean, CPD, FD, or abnormal placentation were more frequent among the patient with TOL (23% vs 48%, p=0.007). CONCLUSION: These result provides clinical information about the decision making about mode of delivery among the patients eligible to TOL with one previous cesarean. More clinical studies about TOL and VBAC are required in the different setting of hospital or institute.
Cephalopelvic Disproportion ; Cesarean Section ; Counseling ; Decision Making* ; Education ; Emergencies ; Female ; Fetal Distress ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Placentation ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant Women* ; Prospective Studies ; Trial of Labor ; Vaginal Birth after Cesarean

Primary ovarian choriocarcinoma arising from a germ cell is an extremely rare occurrence, especially in postmenopausal women, and the prognosis is poor. Non-gestational choriocarcinoma of the ovary (NGCO) accounts for 0.6% or less of all ovarian neoplasms. It is important to distinguish gestational choriocarcinomas of the ovary (GCO) from other carcinomas because of the poor prognosis of NGCO. We describe a case of NGCO with lung metastasis in a 55 year old woman, which we present together with a brief review of the literature.
Choriocarcinoma ; Choriocarcinoma, Non-gestational ; Female ; Germ Cells ; Humans ; Lung ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; Ovary ; Postmenopause ; Pregnancy ; Prognosis