Background: This study analyzed the status of community-based practice in public healthcare institutions in Korean medical schools and identified related needs. Methods: We conducted an online cross-sectional survey in which 32 of 40 medical schools (80.0%) participated between March and April 2023. We developed questionnaire items aimed at ascertaining the status and perceptions of community-based practice and analyzed the response data using frequency analysis, the Mann-Whitney U test, and content analysis with word clouds. Results: Of the 32 medical schools analyzed, 23 (71.9%) offered practical courses, and of those, 12 (52.2%) implemented practice lessons within courses. Among 20 schools, 18 (90.0%) required students to complete practical courses and over 50% offered these courses in the third and fourth years of the clerkship phase. Perceptions of community practice showed no significant differences based on whether courses were offered. Many schools have proposed that practice should be a continuous curricular element from the premedical to medical years. The primary challenges facing community-based practice were identified as faculty development, collaboration, and compensation of practice institutions. The following words were extracted from the respondents’ comments: practice, community, institution, student, education, faculty, university, and public. Conclusion This study identified the limitations of community-based education provided by Korean medical schools and we report findings that highlight areas of improvement. Notable among these is the need to continuously incorporate community-based practice into medical education while engaging in discussions and conducting research toward developing a comprehensive and systematic curriculum.

Previous studies have shown that testosterone activates the GPRC6A-Duox1 axis, resulting in the production of H 2O 2 which leads to the apoptosis of keratinocytes and ultimately hair loss. Here, we elucidated a molecular mechanism by which the non-genomic action of testosterone regulates cellular redox status in androgenetic alopecia (AGA). Building upon this molecular understanding, we conducted a high-throughput screening assay of Nox inhibitors from a natural compounds library. This screening identified diterpenoid compounds, specifically Tanshinone I, Tanshinone IIA, Tanshinone IIB, and Cryptotanshinone, derived from Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix. The IC50 values for Nox isozymes were found to be 2.6-12.9 μM for Tanshinone I, 1.9-7.2 μM for Tanshinone IIA, 5.2-11.9 μM for Tanshinone IIB, and 2.1-7.9 μM for Cryptotanshinone. Furthermore, 3D computational docking analysis confirmed the structural basis by which Tanshinone compounds inhibit Nox activity. These compounds were observed to substitute for NADPH at the π-π bond site between NADPH and FAD, leading to the suppression of Nox activity. Notably, Tanshinone I and Tanshinone IIA effectively inhibited Nox activity heightened by testosterone, consequently reducing the production of intracellular H2O2 and preventing cell apoptosis. In an animal study involving the application of testosterone to the back skin of 8-week-old C57BL/6J mice to inhibit hair growth, subsequent treatment with Tanshinone I or Tanshinone IIA alongside testosterone resulted in a substantial increase in hair follicle length compared to testosterone treatment alone. These findings underscore the potential efficacy of Tanshinone I and Tanshinone IIA as therapeutic agents for AGA by inhibiting Nox activity.

Background: This study analyzed the status of community-based practice in public healthcare institutions in Korean medical schools and identified related needs. Methods: We conducted an online cross-sectional survey in which 32 of 40 medical schools (80.0%) participated between March and April 2023. We developed questionnaire items aimed at ascertaining the status and perceptions of community-based practice and analyzed the response data using frequency analysis, the Mann-Whitney U test, and content analysis with word clouds. Results: Of the 32 medical schools analyzed, 23 (71.9%) offered practical courses, and of those, 12 (52.2%) implemented practice lessons within courses. Among 20 schools, 18 (90.0%) required students to complete practical courses and over 50% offered these courses in the third and fourth years of the clerkship phase. Perceptions of community practice showed no significant differences based on whether courses were offered. Many schools have proposed that practice should be a continuous curricular element from the premedical to medical years. The primary challenges facing community-based practice were identified as faculty development, collaboration, and compensation of practice institutions. The following words were extracted from the respondents’ comments: practice, community, institution, student, education, faculty, university, and public. Conclusion This study identified the limitations of community-based education provided by Korean medical schools and we report findings that highlight areas of improvement. Notable among these is the need to continuously incorporate community-based practice into medical education while engaging in discussions and conducting research toward developing a comprehensive and systematic curriculum.

Previous studies have shown that testosterone activates the GPRC6A-Duox1 axis, resulting in the production of H 2O 2 which leads to the apoptosis of keratinocytes and ultimately hair loss. Here, we elucidated a molecular mechanism by which the non-genomic action of testosterone regulates cellular redox status in androgenetic alopecia (AGA). Building upon this molecular understanding, we conducted a high-throughput screening assay of Nox inhibitors from a natural compounds library. This screening identified diterpenoid compounds, specifically Tanshinone I, Tanshinone IIA, Tanshinone IIB, and Cryptotanshinone, derived from Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix. The IC50 values for Nox isozymes were found to be 2.6-12.9 μM for Tanshinone I, 1.9-7.2 μM for Tanshinone IIA, 5.2-11.9 μM for Tanshinone IIB, and 2.1-7.9 μM for Cryptotanshinone. Furthermore, 3D computational docking analysis confirmed the structural basis by which Tanshinone compounds inhibit Nox activity. These compounds were observed to substitute for NADPH at the π-π bond site between NADPH and FAD, leading to the suppression of Nox activity. Notably, Tanshinone I and Tanshinone IIA effectively inhibited Nox activity heightened by testosterone, consequently reducing the production of intracellular H2O2 and preventing cell apoptosis. In an animal study involving the application of testosterone to the back skin of 8-week-old C57BL/6J mice to inhibit hair growth, subsequent treatment with Tanshinone I or Tanshinone IIA alongside testosterone resulted in a substantial increase in hair follicle length compared to testosterone treatment alone. These findings underscore the potential efficacy of Tanshinone I and Tanshinone IIA as therapeutic agents for AGA by inhibiting Nox activity.

Background: This study analyzed the status of community-based practice in public healthcare institutions in Korean medical schools and identified related needs. Methods: We conducted an online cross-sectional survey in which 32 of 40 medical schools (80.0%) participated between March and April 2023. We developed questionnaire items aimed at ascertaining the status and perceptions of community-based practice and analyzed the response data using frequency analysis, the Mann-Whitney U test, and content analysis with word clouds. Results: Of the 32 medical schools analyzed, 23 (71.9%) offered practical courses, and of those, 12 (52.2%) implemented practice lessons within courses. Among 20 schools, 18 (90.0%) required students to complete practical courses and over 50% offered these courses in the third and fourth years of the clerkship phase. Perceptions of community practice showed no significant differences based on whether courses were offered. Many schools have proposed that practice should be a continuous curricular element from the premedical to medical years. The primary challenges facing community-based practice were identified as faculty development, collaboration, and compensation of practice institutions. The following words were extracted from the respondents’ comments: practice, community, institution, student, education, faculty, university, and public. Conclusion This study identified the limitations of community-based education provided by Korean medical schools and we report findings that highlight areas of improvement. Notable among these is the need to continuously incorporate community-based practice into medical education while engaging in discussions and conducting research toward developing a comprehensive and systematic curriculum.

Previous studies have shown that testosterone activates the GPRC6A-Duox1 axis, resulting in the production of H 2O 2 which leads to the apoptosis of keratinocytes and ultimately hair loss. Here, we elucidated a molecular mechanism by which the non-genomic action of testosterone regulates cellular redox status in androgenetic alopecia (AGA). Building upon this molecular understanding, we conducted a high-throughput screening assay of Nox inhibitors from a natural compounds library. This screening identified diterpenoid compounds, specifically Tanshinone I, Tanshinone IIA, Tanshinone IIB, and Cryptotanshinone, derived from Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix. The IC50 values for Nox isozymes were found to be 2.6-12.9 μM for Tanshinone I, 1.9-7.2 μM for Tanshinone IIA, 5.2-11.9 μM for Tanshinone IIB, and 2.1-7.9 μM for Cryptotanshinone. Furthermore, 3D computational docking analysis confirmed the structural basis by which Tanshinone compounds inhibit Nox activity. These compounds were observed to substitute for NADPH at the π-π bond site between NADPH and FAD, leading to the suppression of Nox activity. Notably, Tanshinone I and Tanshinone IIA effectively inhibited Nox activity heightened by testosterone, consequently reducing the production of intracellular H2O2 and preventing cell apoptosis. In an animal study involving the application of testosterone to the back skin of 8-week-old C57BL/6J mice to inhibit hair growth, subsequent treatment with Tanshinone I or Tanshinone IIA alongside testosterone resulted in a substantial increase in hair follicle length compared to testosterone treatment alone. These findings underscore the potential efficacy of Tanshinone I and Tanshinone IIA as therapeutic agents for AGA by inhibiting Nox activity.

Background: This study analyzed the status of community-based practice in public healthcare institutions in Korean medical schools and identified related needs. Methods: We conducted an online cross-sectional survey in which 32 of 40 medical schools (80.0%) participated between March and April 2023. We developed questionnaire items aimed at ascertaining the status and perceptions of community-based practice and analyzed the response data using frequency analysis, the Mann-Whitney U test, and content analysis with word clouds. Results: Of the 32 medical schools analyzed, 23 (71.9%) offered practical courses, and of those, 12 (52.2%) implemented practice lessons within courses. Among 20 schools, 18 (90.0%) required students to complete practical courses and over 50% offered these courses in the third and fourth years of the clerkship phase. Perceptions of community practice showed no significant differences based on whether courses were offered. Many schools have proposed that practice should be a continuous curricular element from the premedical to medical years. The primary challenges facing community-based practice were identified as faculty development, collaboration, and compensation of practice institutions. The following words were extracted from the respondents’ comments: practice, community, institution, student, education, faculty, university, and public. Conclusion This study identified the limitations of community-based education provided by Korean medical schools and we report findings that highlight areas of improvement. Notable among these is the need to continuously incorporate community-based practice into medical education while engaging in discussions and conducting research toward developing a comprehensive and systematic curriculum.

Background: The optimal duration and net clinical benefit of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) have not been elucidated in realworld situations. Methods: Using nationwide claims data from 2013 to 2021, we selected patients who underwent TAVR and categorized them into two groups: short- and long-term (≤ 3 and > 3 months, respectively) DAPT group. Propensity score matching was used to balance baseline characteristics. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of net adverse clinical events (NACEs), including all-cause death, myocardial infarction, stroke, any coronary and peripheral revascularization, systemic thromboembolism, and bleeding events, at 1 year. Survival analyses were conducted using Kaplan-Meier estimation and Cox proportional hazards regression. Results: Patients who met the inclusion criteria (1,695) were selected. Propensity score matching yielded 1,215 pairs of patients: 416 and 799 in the short- and long-term DAPT groups, respectively. In the unmatched cohort, the mean ages were 79.8 ± 6.1 and 79.7 ± 5.8 years for the short- and long-term DAPT groups, respectively. In the matched cohort, the mean ages were 80.6 ± 5.9 and 79.9 ± 5.9 years for the short- and long-term DAPT groups, respectively. Over one year in the unmatched cohort, the NACE incidence was 11.9% and 11.5% in the short- and long-term DAPT groups, respectively (P = 0.893). The all-cause mortality rates were 7.4% and 4.7% (P = 0.042), composite ischemic event rates were 2.5% and 4.7% (P = 0.056), and bleeding event rates were 2.7% and 4.7% (P = 0.056) in the shortand long-term groups, respectively. In the matched cohort, the incidence of NACE was 9.6% in the short-term DAPT group and 11.6% in the long-term DAPT group, respectively (P = 0.329).The all-cause mortality rates were 6.5% and 4.9% (P = 0.298), composite ischemic event rates were 1.4% and 4.5% (P = 0.009), and bleeding event rates were 2.2% and 4.4% (P = 0.072) in the short- and long-term groups, respectively. Conclusion In patients who successfully underwent transfemoral TAVR, the short- and longterm DAPT groups exhibited similar one-year NACE rates. However, patients in the long-term DAPT group experienced more bleeding and ischemic events.

Background: The optimal duration and net clinical benefit of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) have not been elucidated in realworld situations. Methods: Using nationwide claims data from 2013 to 2021, we selected patients who underwent TAVR and categorized them into two groups: short- and long-term (≤ 3 and > 3 months, respectively) DAPT group. Propensity score matching was used to balance baseline characteristics. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of net adverse clinical events (NACEs), including all-cause death, myocardial infarction, stroke, any coronary and peripheral revascularization, systemic thromboembolism, and bleeding events, at 1 year. Survival analyses were conducted using Kaplan-Meier estimation and Cox proportional hazards regression. Results: Patients who met the inclusion criteria (1,695) were selected. Propensity score matching yielded 1,215 pairs of patients: 416 and 799 in the short- and long-term DAPT groups, respectively. In the unmatched cohort, the mean ages were 79.8 ± 6.1 and 79.7 ± 5.8 years for the short- and long-term DAPT groups, respectively. In the matched cohort, the mean ages were 80.6 ± 5.9 and 79.9 ± 5.9 years for the short- and long-term DAPT groups, respectively. Over one year in the unmatched cohort, the NACE incidence was 11.9% and 11.5% in the short- and long-term DAPT groups, respectively (P = 0.893). The all-cause mortality rates were 7.4% and 4.7% (P = 0.042), composite ischemic event rates were 2.5% and 4.7% (P = 0.056), and bleeding event rates were 2.7% and 4.7% (P = 0.056) in the shortand long-term groups, respectively. In the matched cohort, the incidence of NACE was 9.6% in the short-term DAPT group and 11.6% in the long-term DAPT group, respectively (P = 0.329).The all-cause mortality rates were 6.5% and 4.9% (P = 0.298), composite ischemic event rates were 1.4% and 4.5% (P = 0.009), and bleeding event rates were 2.2% and 4.4% (P = 0.072) in the short- and long-term groups, respectively. Conclusion In patients who successfully underwent transfemoral TAVR, the short- and longterm DAPT groups exhibited similar one-year NACE rates. However, patients in the long-term DAPT group experienced more bleeding and ischemic events.

Background: The optimal duration and net clinical benefit of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) have not been elucidated in realworld situations. Methods: Using nationwide claims data from 2013 to 2021, we selected patients who underwent TAVR and categorized them into two groups: short- and long-term (≤ 3 and > 3 months, respectively) DAPT group. Propensity score matching was used to balance baseline characteristics. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of net adverse clinical events (NACEs), including all-cause death, myocardial infarction, stroke, any coronary and peripheral revascularization, systemic thromboembolism, and bleeding events, at 1 year. Survival analyses were conducted using Kaplan-Meier estimation and Cox proportional hazards regression. Results: Patients who met the inclusion criteria (1,695) were selected. Propensity score matching yielded 1,215 pairs of patients: 416 and 799 in the short- and long-term DAPT groups, respectively. In the unmatched cohort, the mean ages were 79.8 ± 6.1 and 79.7 ± 5.8 years for the short- and long-term DAPT groups, respectively. In the matched cohort, the mean ages were 80.6 ± 5.9 and 79.9 ± 5.9 years for the short- and long-term DAPT groups, respectively. Over one year in the unmatched cohort, the NACE incidence was 11.9% and 11.5% in the short- and long-term DAPT groups, respectively (P = 0.893). The all-cause mortality rates were 7.4% and 4.7% (P = 0.042), composite ischemic event rates were 2.5% and 4.7% (P = 0.056), and bleeding event rates were 2.7% and 4.7% (P = 0.056) in the shortand long-term groups, respectively. In the matched cohort, the incidence of NACE was 9.6% in the short-term DAPT group and 11.6% in the long-term DAPT group, respectively (P = 0.329).The all-cause mortality rates were 6.5% and 4.9% (P = 0.298), composite ischemic event rates were 1.4% and 4.5% (P = 0.009), and bleeding event rates were 2.2% and 4.4% (P = 0.072) in the short- and long-term groups, respectively. Conclusion In patients who successfully underwent transfemoral TAVR, the short- and longterm DAPT groups exhibited similar one-year NACE rates. However, patients in the long-term DAPT group experienced more bleeding and ischemic events.