Peripheral artery disease (PAD) and diabetes increase the risk of significant morbidity and mortality and can affect quality of life. PAD is a progressive disease, and the presence of diabetes mellitus increases the risk of adverse outcomes among patients with PAD. Diabetes patients should undergo an initial screening for PAD that evaluates walking speed, leg fatigue, claudication, and pedal pulses. Healthcare providers should discuss with their patients controllable risk factors for PAD that can be modified. A comprehensive care plan for patients with PAD and diabetes mellitus is important and may include smoking cessation, structured exercise therapy, foot care, glycemic control and management of other cardiovascular risk factors (weight management, diet, and control of blood pressure and cholesterol). PAD with diabetes mellitus is a lifelong chronic medical condition, and prompt identification and treatment of PAD are crucial. Patient education is needed to prevent complications and to encourage a healthy and active lifestyle.
Blood Pressure ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diet ; Education ; Exercise Therapy ; Fatigue ; Foot ; Health Education ; Health Personnel ; Humans ; Leg ; Life Style ; Mass Screening ; Mortality ; Patient Education as Topic ; Peripheral Arterial Disease ; Quality of Life ; Risk Factors ; Smoking Cessation ; Walking

The number of adults living with type 1 diabetes is increasing due to an increase in the number of newly diagnosed adult type 1 patients, and the longevity of individuals with childhood-onset diabetes.In addition, adults with type 1 diabetes currently span a wide range of ages, from 18 to 100 years of age, and diabetes self-management may vary by developmental stage. A reasonable A1C goal for many nonpregnant adults with type 1 diabetes is < 7%. But, as with all management issues for people with type 1 diabetes, providers need to individualize assessment and treatment options by individual patient.A structured education program for type 1 diabetes patients includes procedures for blood glucose self-monitoring, carbohydrate counting, and insulin dose adjustment at mealtimes to achieve optimal glycemic control and quality of life. Diabetes self-management education is the ongoing process of facilitating the knowledge, skill, and abilities necessary for diabetes patients to accomplish self-care, which includes the needs, goals, and life experiences of each individual with diabetes.

The number of adults living with type 1 diabetes is increasing due to an increase in the number of newly diagnosed adult type 1 patients, and the longevity of individuals with childhood-onset diabetes.In addition, adults with type 1 diabetes currently span a wide range of ages, from 18 to 100 years of age, and diabetes self-management may vary by developmental stage. A reasonable A1C goal for many nonpregnant adults with type 1 diabetes is < 7%. But, as with all management issues for people with type 1 diabetes, providers need to individualize assessment and treatment options by individual patient.A structured education program for type 1 diabetes patients includes procedures for blood glucose self-monitoring, carbohydrate counting, and insulin dose adjustment at mealtimes to achieve optimal glycemic control and quality of life. Diabetes self-management education is the ongoing process of facilitating the knowledge, skill, and abilities necessary for diabetes patients to accomplish self-care, which includes the needs, goals, and life experiences of each individual with diabetes.

No abstract available.
Leukemia*

PURPOSE: To investigate whether a correlation exists between the semi-quantitative breast-specific gamma imaging (BSGI) findings and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI parameters assessed by a computer-aided evaluation program. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Semi-quantitative index of the lesion to non-lesion (L/N) ratio in BSGI and DCE-MRI parameters was assessed by a computer-aided evaluation program, where 47 cases of invasive breast cancer were obtained. Correlations between the L/N ratio and DCE-MRI parameters were assessed by a computer-aided evaluation program. Tumor diameter (cm), angio-volume (cc), degree of initial peak enhancement (%), persistent enhancement proportion (%), and washout enhancement proportion (%) were analysed. The relationships between the L/N ratio and DCE-MRI parameters were evaluated by a univariate and multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS: The mean L/N ratio of the 47 tumors was 3.63 ± 2.19 (range: 1–13.1). The L/N ratio was higher in tumors with larger diameters (p < 0.001), increased angio-volume (p < 0.001), higher degree of initial peak enhancement (p = 0.005) and increased washout enhancement proportion (p = 0.004). In the multivariate regression analysis, angio-volume (cc) and washout enhancement proportion (%) were associated with L/N ratio (p = 0.007 and p = 0.024, respectively). CONCLUSION There was a correlation between the semi-quantitative L/N ratio in BSGI and DCE-MRI parameters assessed by a computer-aided evaluation program for breast cancer.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was: 1) To investigate health status(health behavior, health problem and cognition), depression and social support of elderly beneficiaries of the National Basic Livelihood Security System. 2) To identify the relationships among health status, depression and social support. METHODS: This descriptive study used a cross-sectional design. The study sample was a total of 883 elderly recipients supported from the National Basic Livelihood Security System. Quotas for sampling were designed and conducted nationwide throughout Korea. RESULTS: The mean age was 76.2 and the 79.6% of the sample were female. The scores for the health behavior, health problem, ADL, and cognition were 23.9, 4.4, 39.6 and 24.9, respectively. Additionally, the depression score was 19.8 and the social support score was 63.2. Gender, age, education, religion, marital status and monthly income were found as important variables in increasing health status and in decreasing depression among the elderly. Furthermore, depression showed a positive correlation with health problems, but showed negative correlations with health behavior, ADL, and cognition. The upper 25% of social support recipients suffered less depression than the lower 25% of the recipients. Subjects with more social supports had higher ADL scores and less health problem. CONCLUSION: These findings provide significant practical implications for nursing intervention, including social support for the elderly receiving assistance from the National Basic Livelihood Security System.
Activities of Daily Living ; Aged ; Cognition ; Depression ; Female ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Marital Status

PURPOSE: Meconium aspiration syndrome is an important cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, and sometimes patients need mechanical ventilator therapy. The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors which required mechanical ventilation. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 44 infants diagnosed as meconium aspiration syndrome from January 2009 to December 2013. We divided into 2 groups (ventilator group and oxygen therapy group) and analyzed the clinical characteristics, vital signs, laboratory findings and clinical courses. RESULTS: Ventilator group and oxygen therapy group included each 22 infants, and there were no significant differences in clinical characteristics between two groups. Time to transfer and time to start oxygen therapy were longer in ventilator group but not statistical difference. Initial mean blood pressure and pH were significantly lower in ventilator group than in oxygen therapy group (P=0.026, P=0.003). Ventilator group had longer treatment period and worse prognosis than oxygen therapy group. CONCLUSION: If the infants with meconium aspiration and respiratory distress represent low pH and hypotension, we have to pay close attention to early oxygen supplementation and proper treatment to prevent poor clinical course.
Blood Pressure ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hypotension ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Meconium Aspiration Syndrome* ; Mortality ; Oxygen ; Prognosis ; Respiration, Artificial ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Ventilators, Mechanical* ; Vital Signs

PURPOSE: To report on the current practices in breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in Korea. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We invited the 68 members of the Korean Society of Breast Imaging who were working in hospitals with available breast MRI to participate in a survey on how they performed and interpreted breast MRI. We asked one member from each hospital to respond to the survey. A total of 22 surveys from 22 hospitals were analyzed. RESULTS: Out of 22 hospitals, 13 (59.1%) performed at least 300 breast MRI examinations per year, and 5 out of 22 (22.7%) performed > 1200 per year. Out of 31 machines, 14 (45.2%) machines were 1.5-T scanners and 17 (54.8%) were 3.0-T scanners. All hospitals did contrast-enhanced breast MRI. Full-time breast radiologists supervised the performance and interpreted breast MRI in 19 of 22 (86.4%) of hospitals. All hospitals used BI-RADS for MRI interpretation. For computer-aided detection (CAD), 13 (59.1%) hospitals sometimes or always use it and 9 (40.9%) hospitals did not use CAD. Two (9.1%) and twelve (54.5%) hospitals never and rarely interpreted breast MRI without correlating the mammography or ultrasound, respectively. The majority of respondents rarely (13/21, 61.9%) or never (5/21, 23.8%) interpreted breast MRI performed at an outside facility. Of the hospitals performing contrast-enhanced examinations, 15 of 22 (68.2%) did not perform MRI-guided interventional procedures. CONCLUSION: Breast MRI is extensively performed in Korea. The indication and practical patterns are diverse. The information from this survey would provide the basis for the development of Korean breast MRI practice guidelines.
Breast Neoplasms ; Breast* ; Diagnosis ; Korea ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Mammography ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Ultrasonography

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the additional effect of sonoelastography on the radiologist's ability for distinguishing benign from malignant complex breast masses and to decide whether to perform biopsy by B-mode US. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred eighteen complex breast masses (15 malignant lesions, 103 benign lesions) were included. Five blinded readers independently assessed the likelihood of the malignancy score from 1 to 5 for two data sets (B-mode ultrasound alone and B-mode ultrasound with sonoelastography). Elasticity scores were categorized as 0, 1, or 2 based on the degree and distribution of strain of the echogenic component within complex masses. The readers were asked to downgrade the likelihood of the malignancy score when an elasticity score of 0 was assigned and to upgrade the likelihood of the malignancy score when an elasticity score of 2 was assigned. The likelihood of the malignancy score was maintained as it was for the lesions with an elasticity score of 1. The Az values, sensitivities, and specificities were compared. RESULTS: The Az value of B-mode ultrasound with sonoelastography (mean, 0.863) was greater than that of B-mode ultrasound alone (mean, 0.731; p = 0.001-0.007) for all authors. The specificity of B-mode ultrasound with sonoelastography (mean, 37.1%) was greater than that of B-mode ultrasound alone (mean, 3.8%; p < 0.001) for all readers. The addition of sonoelastography led to changes in decisions. A mean of 33.6% of benign masses were recommended for follow-up instead of biopsy. CONCLUSION: For complex breast masses, sonoelastography allows increase in both the accuracy in distinguishing benign from malignant lesions and the specificity in deciding whether to perform biopsy.
Adult ; Aged ; Biopsy/*methods ; Breast Diseases/pathology/*ultrasonography ; Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Elasticity Imaging Techniques/*methods ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Pregnancy ; Reproducibility of Results ; Retrospective Studies ; *Ultrasonography, Mammary ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: Research related to social support in Korea has been hampered by paucity of measurement tools reflecting Korean culture. The aim of the study was to develop Korean social support questionnaire (KSSQ) based on the Korean social support pyramid and to test psychometric properties of the KSSQ. METHODS: The questionnaire was administered to 701 subjects and 658 college students. Psychometric analyses included factor analyses, expert validity, criterion-related validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability. RESULTS: A principal components analysis support for construct validity, eliciting a three factor solution accounting for 65.46% of variance in scores. Concurrent and discriminant validity supported criterion-related validity. Internal consistency of reliability was support with Cronbach's alpha of .97-.98 for the entire scale. Test-retest reliability was .76. CONCLUSION: This initial testing of KSSQ to measure Korean social support demonstrates evidence of reliability and validity. Assessment of known-group validity and norm establishment of KSSQ are suggested to provide further sound psychometric properties and practical measurement tools.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Psychometrics ; *Questionnaires ; *Social Support ; Students/psychology ; Universities ; Young Adult