Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a highly prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by chronic abdominal pain and bowel habit change. Its specific pathophysiologic mechanism underlying IBS is not known; however, it is generally accepted that IBS symptoms represent dysregulation at multiple levels of the brain-gut axis. IBS symptoms are manifested by abnormal motor reactivity to various stimuli, and low sensation and pain thresholds. Recently, a variety of new findings have been reported which suggests low-grade inflammation or immune activation is present in IBS patients, including post-infectious IBS. The immune activation can generate various symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and diarrhea that may result from motor dysfunction and visceral hypersensitivity. Anti-inflammatory therapy with either antibiotics or probiotics seems to be effective in reducing the symptoms of IBS. While this pathophysiologic approach to the management of IBS is in its infancy, it is evident that the immune activation deserves further attention in IBS.
Abdominal Pain ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Diarrhea ; Gastrointestinal Diseases ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Inflammation ; Irritable Bowel Syndrome ; Pain Threshold ; Probiotics ; Sensation

Peripheral blood eosinophilia is a well-known paraneoplastic manifestation, but its underlying mechanism is still unclear. Bone marrow metastasis may be a cause of malignancy-associated eosinophilia. However, there is limited evidence of the relationship between bone marrow metastasis and eosinophilia. Herein, we present a unique case of peripheral blood eosinophilia associated with bone marrow invasion in a patient having a history of papillary thyroid carcinoma. A 68-year old woman showed peripheral blood eosinophilia (91,525/mm3). Since the time she was initially diagnosed as having papillary thyroid carcinoma, eosinophilia had never been found and the other causes of eosinophilia were excluded. A bone marrow study revealed cancer cell infiltration; multiple lymphadenopathies and liver metastasis were also detected. We treated her with steroid; however, her eosinophilia did not respond to steroid and the patient died due to disease progression. Although peripheral blood eosinophilia and bone marrow metastasis are rare findings in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma, we suggest that eosinophilia might be a sign of the bone marrow metastasis of papillary thyroid carcinoma.
Aged ; Bone Marrow* ; Carcinoma, Papillary* ; Disease Progression ; Eosinophilia* ; Female ; Humans ; Liver ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Neoplasms

BACKGROUND: The limit and the optimal method of the cryopreservation of platelets have not been determined. Moreover, the functional changes platelets after cryopreservation were not clearly defined. This study was conducted to determine the limit and optimal method for cryopreservation of platelet concentrates. METHODS: We compared the recovery, expression of membrane GpIb, GpIIb/IIIa, and aggregatory function of the platelets preserved in three different conditions. Platelet samples were collected from four healthy volunteer donors by apheresis, and placed in 22degrees C agitator for standard preservation. For cryopreservation, after treating 5% DMSO, platelets were either inserted directly in -80degrees C freezer or in liquid nitrogen after computer-controlled rate freezing. After storage for 5 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks, platelets were thawed and analyzed for the evaluation of in vitro functions. RESULTS: Platelets preserved at 22degrees C or cryopreserved with each condition displayed equivalent recovery (90%). With each cryopreservation procedures, platelets showed moderate loss of GpIb and retained more than 90% of GpIIb/IIIa in comparison with fresh platelets. At the third week, loss of GpIb in the directly frozen platelets was augmented compared with those of controlled rate frozen group. The aggregatory response to ristocetin began to decrease drastically after storage for 5 days in platelets frozen by each procedures and to less than 5% at 12 weeks of storage. However, controlled rate frozen platelets retained more aggregatory response to ristocetin and surface GpIb expression than those of directly frozen platelets at 3, 4, 12 weeks of storage. CONCLUSION: This study showed the possibility of moderate preservation of in vitro functions of frozen-thawed platelets after 12 weeks of storage compared with those of the liquid stored 5-day old platelets.
Blood Component Removal ; Blood Platelets ; Cryopreservation* ; Dihydroergotamine ; Dimethyl Sulfoxide ; Freezing ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Membrane Glycoproteins ; Membranes ; Nitrogen ; Ristocetin ; Tissue Donors