Purpose: The role of medical staff gained immense significance in the context of the prolonged coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.However, few studies had explored the impact of simulation-based education on the ability of nursing students to care for the patients of COVID-19. This study provided nursing students with simulation-based education in caring for the patients of COVID-19 and confirmed its effectiveness. Methods: This study used a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The participants were recruited from the nursing departments of two universities in Korea through convenience sampling. A total of 79 participants were included: 37 in the intervention group and 42 in the control group. The intervention group received four sessions of simulation training based on the National League for Nursing Jeffries simulation theory. Results: The intervention group showed an improvement compared to the control group in terms of knowledge related to coronavirus, confidence in performing infection control skills, and perception of preparedness for caring for the patients of COVID-19, with a high-level of satisfaction and self-confidence in learning. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of anxiety. Conclusion This simulation is expected to be a significant strategy for alleviating the global burden in terms of staff safety and patient outcomes by improving the competencies of prospective medical staff in responding to pandemics.

The Specialty Certification Examination is an important part of the assessment of medical education. However, the step 2 skill examinations of 26 medical specialties in Korea are insufficient with respect to achieving the objective of practical examinations that evaluate clinical skill and competence. Among the current step 2 skill examination methods, picture testing using slides or reading of pathology slides/radiologic images is more suitable for testing cognition and knowledge than for testing performance. The oral examination has low reliability because of its relatively short testing period and absence of scoring criteria. In addition, the Specialty Certification Examination is a high-stakes test and the performance during the training course is not reflected in the skill examination. We have reviewed the various skill examinations including clinical practice examinations, objective structured clinical examinations of the United States and Canada, and work-based assessments of the United Kingdom. Based on the review, we suggest some plans for improving the Korean Specialty Certification Examination.
Canada ; Certification* ; Clinical Competence ; Cognition ; Diagnosis, Oral ; Education, Medical ; Great Britain ; Korea ; Mental Competency ; Pathology ; United States

PURPOSE: In this study, the etiology and the change of clinical characteristics of hyponatremia, in relation to the increased used of thiazide diuretics, have been assessed. METHODS: To perform a retrospective cohort study, a total sum of 322 patients who have been admitted in a single tertiary referral hospital between 2004 and 2009, were included. RESULTS: The most common cause of hyponatremia was due to thiazide diuretics (37.6%). Among the 121 patients who suffered from thiazide induced hyponatremia, 60 (48.0%) patients took combination thiazide. The incidence of hyponatremia has shown a tendency to increase from 2004 to 2009 (trend test, p<0.001). The incidence of hyponatremia due to the use of combination types has also increased (trend test, p<0.001). Thiazide induced hyponatremia showed no difference when compared to hyponatremia due the other causes, except the fact that the portion of female patients was higher (73.6% vs 64.6%, p<0.001), mean age was older (74.7 vs 69.9 years-old, p<0.001), and incidence of cerebrovascular accident was also higher (19.8% vs 6.5%, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The use of thiazide is increasing and hence thiazide-induced hyponatremia is also increasing. This is thought to be particularly related to the increase of thiazide-combined drugs. Thiazideinduced hyponatremia shows a higher incidence in old age, female sex and those who have a history of a cerebrovascular event. Hence more caution is needed when using thiazide diuretics as antihypertensives, and plasma sodium levels should be monitored carefully.
Antihypertensive Agents ; Cohort Studies ; Diuretics ; Female ; Humans ; Hyponatremia ; Incidence ; Plasma ; Retrospective Studies ; Sodium ; Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors ; Stroke ; Tertiary Care Centers

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to verify the hypothesis that the suppression of lipid peroxidation with the antioxidant, U-74389G, could improve the survivability of paraquat intoxicated rats. METHODS: First, we obtained the 24-h mortality by using several paraquat dosages and calculated the 24-h LD50 in 24 male Wistar rats(250~350g). To examine the effect of U-74389G, we divided the rats in 4 groups: a control group and U-74389G only group, a paraquat only group, and a paraquat plus U-74389G group(n=10 each). Paraquat, 35mg/kg, was injected intraperitoneally at 0 h. U-74389G, 10mg/kg, was administered intraperitoneally at 0, 12 h or at 1, 12 h in the respective groups. The rats were observed for 24 hours. At 24 h, plasma and lung, liver, and kidney tissues were obtained after sacrificing the surviving rats to determine the degree of lipid peroxidation by using a thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS) quantitative analysis. RESULTS: The 24-h LD50 of paraquat was calculated as 40mg/kg in our rats. The 24-h mortality was as follows: control group and U-74389G group 0%, paraquat group 30%, and paraquat plus U-74389G group 10%. The TBARS analysis showed no differences between the U-74389G and the control groups. The paraquat group showed significantly increased TBARS levels in the serum and in the kidney and lung tissue compared to the control group(p<0.05). With U-74389G, the increased TBARS levels were significantly decreased in the plasma, kidney, and lung tissues compared to the paraquat group(p<0.05). However, in the liver tissue, there were no significant differences among the groups. CONCLUSION: A 21-aminosteroid antioxidant, U-74389G, improved the survivablity of paraquat-intoxicated rats through the suppression of lipid peroxidation. Our result suggests the possibility of clinical application of this drug as an antidote for paraquat poisoning.
Animals ; Humans ; Kidney ; Lethal Dose 50 ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Liver ; Lung ; Male ; Mortality ; Paraquat ; Plasma ; Poisoning ; Rats* ; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances

Cervical cancer and its precursors are caused principally, if not exclusively, by HPV infection and HPV DNA is found in more than 90% of cervical cancers. Cervical cytology is limited by its false negativity and this may be supplimented by other adjunctive test such as HPV test. It is therefore important to explore the use of HPV DNA detection as a primary or supplementary screening method and to determine whether HPV typing can be used as a predictor of a lesion's clinical behavior. Cervical cytology and Hybrid Capture test for HPV detection were performed in 450 asymtomatic wornen visited Health Care Center in Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital,and none of whom was believed to have current cervical disease. The Papanicolaou cytology results were classified by The Bethesda System : 333(74.%) women were classified to within normal limit, 19(4.2%) benign reactive change, 38(8.4%) ASCUS, 59(13%) low grade SIL, and only one woman high grade SIL. Twenty five of 450(5.6%) women showed HPV infection by Hybid Capture test. Among 98 wornen with abnormal Papanicolaou cytology, 16(16.3%) women showed HPV DNA positivity. (continue)
Delivery of Health Care ; DNA* ; Female ; Humans* ; Mass Screening* ; Papilloma* ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a rare complication in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that can be triggered by infections. Due to the fact that MAS may mimic clinical features of underlying rheumatic disease, or be confused with an infectious complication, its detection can prove challenging. This is particularly true when there is an unknown/undiagnosed disease; and could turn into an even greater challenge if MAS and SLE are combined with a viral infection. A-14-year-old female came to the hospital with an ongoing fever for 2 weeks and a painful facial skin rash. Hepatomegaly, pancytopenia, increased aspartate aminotransferase, elevated serum ferritin and lactate dehydrogenase were reported. No hemophagocytic infiltration of bone marrow was reported. The patient was suspected for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Her skin rashes were eczema herpeticum, which is usually associated with immune compromised conditions. With the history of oral ulcers and malar rash, positive ANA and low C3, C4 and the evidence of hemolytic anemia, she was diagnosed as SLE. According to the diagnostic guideline for MAS in SLE, she was diagnosed MAS as well, activated by acute HSV infection. After administering steroids and antiviral agent, the fever and skin rash disappeared, and the abnormal laboratory findings normalized. Therefore, we are reporting a rare case of MAS triggered by acute HSV infection as the first manifestation of SLE.
Anemia, Hemolytic ; Aspartate Aminotransferases ; Bone Marrow ; Exanthema ; Female ; Ferritins ; Fever ; Hepatomegaly ; Humans ; Kaposi Varicelliform Eruption ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic* ; Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic ; Macrophage Activation Syndrome* ; Macrophage Activation* ; Macrophages* ; Oral Ulcer ; Pancytopenia ; Rheumatic Diseases ; Steroids

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is being widely used in an attempt to treat many hematological diseases such as leukemia, anemia, and lymphoma. To evaluate the success of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, it is very important to determine how rapidly engraftment occurs. Therefore, this retrospective study was conducted to determine which factors affected the term of engraftment during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, while focusing on the oral intake status. To accomplish this, 416 patients who underwent transplant operations at St. Mary's hospital from May 2006 to April 2008 were evaluated. The long-term engraftment group was characterized as having longer fasting days and more frequent vomiting, diarrhea, and oral mucositis incidences than the short-term engraftment group. In addition, the inhibitors of oral intake such as vomiting, diarrhea, and oral mucositis developed frequently between the pre-transplantation and 2 weeks after transplantation. A significantly negative correlation was observed between the oral intake volume and the duration of the oral intake inhibitors. A multiple regression analysis revealed that the frequency of vomiting and oral mucositis during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, the length of hospitalization, and the hematocrit level in the 2 weeks after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation were significant predictors of engraftment. The results of this study could be used to establish a guideline for nutritional assessment, nutritional goals, and nutritional support for patients during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Anemia ; Diarrhea ; Fasting ; Hematocrit ; Hematologic Diseases ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Incidence ; Leukemia ; Lymphoma ; Nutrition Assessment ; Nutritional Status ; Nutritional Support ; Retrospective Studies ; Stomatitis ; Transplants ; Vomiting

Synovial sarcoma in head and neck is an extremely rare cancer. Symptoms may occur depending on the location of tumor. Synovial sarcoma is divided into two main phenotypes-biphasic and monophasic. Surgical excision including optimal resection margin is generally recommended as a standard treatment of synovial sarcoma, if the tumor is resectable. Standard adjuvant therapy of synovial sarcoma has not been established yet. Recently, we have experienced a case of recurrent synovial sarcoma in pyriform sinus without regional or distant metastasis after initial resection of tumor. We successfully performed endoscopic excision of recurred tumor and obtained clear resection margin. We followed up the patient without any adjuvant therapy for 2 years. We report this rare case with literature review.
Endoscopy ; Head ; Humans ; Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms ; Neck ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Pyriform Sinus* ; Sarcoma, Synovial*

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare, malignant soft tissue tumor. It arises from the dermis, however, a few lesions are known to infiltrate into deeper layers. It commonly occurs on the trunk and extremities, but rarely involves the breast. We report a case of a 43-year-old woman who had histologically proven DFSP of the breast, with emphasis on ultrasonographic findings and pathological features. In our case, the ultrasonographic features of DFSP revealed an ovalshaped hypoechoic mass in the dermis of left breast with surrounded by increased levels of echogenic subcutaneous fat. This ultrasonographic finding correlated with pathologic features of infiltration of tumor cells into the subcutaneous fat. No previous study reported this feature of DFSP associated with the breast.

Purpose: Scar contracture influence the outcome of burn patients significantly. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of robot-assisted training for the lower extremity rehabilitation of burn patients. Methods: This pilot study was conducted on 7 burn patients for 8 weeks between January 2019 and November 2019. Two of 7 patients withdrew from this study because one had skin abrasion on the legs which thigh fastening devices were applied on and the other was not participate in the assessment at 4 weeks after training. Final 5 patients received gait training with SUBAR Ⓡ and numeric rating scale (NRS), 6-minutes walking test, and range of motion in flexion and extension of knee and ankle joint were evaluated before training, 4 weeks and 12 weeks after training. Results: The subjects had a mean age of 51.8±98 years, mean total burn surface area of 30.8±13.7%, mean duration from injury to 1 st assessment of 102.8±39.3 days. Anyone of 5 patients did not have musculoskeletal or cardiovascular side effects such as increased or decreased blood pressure or dizziness. The significant improvement in NRS, gait speed, and range of motion in knee extension and ankle plantarflexion after robotic training (all P＜0.05). Conclusion Robot-assisted training could be feasible for the rehabilitation of burn patients and it could improve muscle strength and range of motion in lower extremities, and gait function.