The purpose of this study is to find out the effects of personal characteristics and metamemory on the older adults' memory performances and the effects of some factors on metamemory. The subjects of the study consisted of 102 old adults over the age of 60 who are living in Kangwon Province. Based on contextual perspectives of the memory-aging theory and the previous foreign researches on memory, some data were collected by means of the interview method, using questionnaires for metamemory(MIA questionnaire by Dixon, et al., 1988), and depression(GDS by Yesavage and Sheikl, 1986). The other data were collected by the testing method on the memory performance such as the immeadiate word recall task, the delayed word recall task, the word recognition task(Elderly Verbal Learning Test by Kyung Mi Choi, 1998),and the face recognition task(Face Recognition Task tool developed by this study). The results of this study were as follows; 1. The level of metamemory is 3.4 points in the 5 point scale, the grades of the task and the achievement are relatively high and the grades of the change, the control, and the strategy are relatively low in the sub-concepts. 2. The significant variables to predict old adults' metamemory are depression level, age, sex, educational attainment and religious activity. 3. The strong variables to predict memory performances are memory knowledge, memory self-efficacy, age, religious activity. 4. The strategy, the achievement, the locus, and the change concept of the metamemory have high correlations with the immediate recall task, the delayed recall task, and the word recognition task. In conclusion, the enhancement strategies of metamemory and the support of social activities are independent fields for nursing intervention. Ultimately in this respect nurses' roles are very important in developing and performing some intervention programs for old adults' memory improvement, which have significant meanings in the field of nursing science.
Adult ; Depression ; Gangwon-do ; Humans ; Memory* ; Memory, Short-Term ; Nursing ; Verbal Learning ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) lymphadenitis is the most common complication of BCG vaccination. It commonly occurs in infants aged <6 months involving ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes. We described BCG lymphadenitis in a 22-month-old boy presenting swelling of left supraclavicular lymph node that was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the multiplex PCR targeting the region of difference (RD).
Humans ; Infant ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphadenitis* ; Male ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Mycobacterium bovis* ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Vaccination*

Amygdalin, D-mandelonitrile-beta-D-glucoside-6-beta-glucoside, belongs to aromatic cyanogenic glycoside group derived from rosaceous plant seed. Mounting evidence has supported the anti-cancer effects of amygdalin. However, whether amygdalin indeed acts as an anti-tumor agent against breast cancer cells is not clear. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of amygdalin on the proliferation of human breast cancer cells. Here, we show that amygdalin exerted cytotoxic activities on estrogen receptors (ER)-positive MCF7 cells, and MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. Amygdalin induced apoptosis of Hs578T TNBC cells. Amygdalin downregulated B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), upregulated Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), activated of caspase-3 and cleaved poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP). Amygdalin activated a pro-apoptotic signaling molecule p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK) in Hs578T cells. Treatment of amygdalin significantly inhibited the adhesion of Hs578T cells, in which integrin alpha5 may be involved. Taken together, this study demonstrates that amygdalin induces apoptosis and inhibits adhesion of breast cancer cells. The results suggest a potential application of amygdalin as a chemopreventive agent to prevent or alleviate progression of breast cancer, especially TNBC.
Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose ; Amygdalin* ; Apoptosis* ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein ; Breast Neoplasms ; Caspase 3 ; Humans ; Integrin alpha5 ; Lymphoma, B-Cell ; MCF-7 Cells ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Plants ; Receptors, Estrogen ; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms*

The purpose of this study is to find out the effects of depression on older adults' metamemory and memory performances. The subjects of the study consisted of 103 older adults over the age of 60 who are living in Kangwon Province. Some data were collected by means of the interview method, using questionnaires for metamemory (MIA questionnaire by Hultsch, et al., 1988), and depression(GDS by Yesavage and Sheikl, 1986). Other data were collected by a testing method on the memory performance, such as the immediate word recall task, the delayed word recall task, the word recognition task(Elderly Verbal Learning Test by Kyung Mi Choi, 1998), and the face recognition task(Face Recognition Task tool developed by this study). The results of this study were as follows: 1) The average point of depressed older persons' metamemory is 3.2 on a 5 point scale and was significantly lower than nondepressed older persons' point of 3.6. Looking into each sub-concept of metamemory, depressed persons' points are higher in terms of task(4.1), but are lower in terms of change(2.3), locus(2.6), and strategy(2.9) in comparison with nondepressed persons' points. 2)Depressed older persons' memory performances are all significantly lower than nondepressed person's, especially in terms of face recognition task(t=7.26, p<.0082) and word recognition task(t=6.58, p<.01). 3) In both depressed and nondepressed persons, metamemory has a close correlation with all memory tasks. In particular, depressed older persons' correlation is higher across the board, especially in memory self-efficacy of metamemory(r=.36 - .49) in comparison with nondepressed persons. 4) According to the results of analysis on the relations between metamemory and memory performances of each memory task using canonical analysis, in the case of depressed older persons, strategy, locus, capability and task have high correlation with word recognition task and delayed word recall task. Also in the case of nondepressed persons, achievement, strategy, change and locus variable have high correlation with face recognition task and immediate word recall task. As mentioned above, depression variables have a negative effect on older persons' metamemory and memory performance. In conclusion, when we care for depressed older persons with less memory ability, we have to consider the outcomes of this study are relevant. In addition, it is necessary to develop nursing intervention in order to prevent memory loss and improve memory performance in depressed older persons.
Adult ; Depression* ; Gangwon-do ; Humans ; Memory Disorders ; Memory* ; Nursing ; Verbal Learning ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVE: Angiogenesis is a critical factor in the progression of solid tumors. The mechanisms responsible for angiogenesis in cervical neoplasia, however, are not well defined. Our study was aimed to determine the expression of VEGF(Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor), its receptor(KDR), and TGF-beta1(Transforming Growth Factor-beta1) in cervical neoplasia, to determine the role of these angiogenic factors in preinvasive(dysplastic) process and the progression of cervical cancer and to investigate the progression of angiogenesis in the transition from normal cervix to invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. METHODS: The cervical lesions of 76 patients were punch biopsied and paraffin embedded. Among these, 5 were normal cervix, 36 were cervical intraepithelial lesion I-III, and the other 35 were invasive squamous cell carcinomas. The tissues were immunostained with antiVEGF, antiKDR, and antiTGF-beta1 polyclonal antibody. RESULTS: The expression of VEGF, KDR, and TGF-beta1 in CIN III was stronger than those of CIN I(p<0.01). Their expression were not significantly different among the each staged cervical cancers(p>0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These observations suggest that VEGF, KDR, and TGF-beta1 are important angiogenic factors in cervical neoplasia, especially in an early event to neoplastic transformation of cervical tissues, but these angiogenic factors are not associated with the progression of cervical cancer.
Angiogenesis Inducing Agents ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Cervix Uteri ; Female ; Humans ; Paraffin ; Phosphotransferases* ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A*

OBJECTIVE: Invasive cancer cells penetrate the extracellular matrix(ECM), including basement membrane during the metastatic cascades. Matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs) play a critical role in tumor invasion and metastasis and their activities are regulated by specific tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase(TIMPs). Aberrant ECM degradation in tumor biology is attributed to an imbalance in local MMP and TIMP activity, resulting in the overexpression or enhanced activation of MMPs or reduced TIMP expression. The aim of this study was to compare the MMP-2 & -9, TIMP-1 & -2 mRNA expression in cervical cancer with those in normal cervix and to investigate that their expression is related to cancer stages and other prognostic factors. METHODS: The normal cervix and cervical cancer tissues were obtained from healthy women(n=14), and the patients with cervical cancer(n=31), respectively. Total RNA was extracted and reverse transcribed into cDNA. The expression of MMP-2 & -9, TIMP-1 & -2 mRNA was examined by quantative competitive PCR(QC PCR) and each results were analyzed by t-test and univariate analysis. RESULTS: The expression of MMP-2, TIMP-1 mRNA in cervical cancer was higher than that in nomal cervix(p<0.05). The TIMP-2 mRNA expression was elevated in cervical cancer while that was not shown in normal cervix. The MMP-9 mRNA expression was not statistically different between normal cervix and cervical cancer(p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that increased MMP-2, TIMP-1 & -2 mRNA expression is an early event during malignant transformation of cervical cancer.
Basement Membrane ; Biology ; Cervix Uteri ; DNA, Complementary ; Female ; Humans ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2* ; Matrix Metalloproteinases ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; RNA ; RNA, Messenger* ; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1* ; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms*

Purpose: The purpose of this study is three-fold: 1) to evaluate factors influencing hearing aid (HA) satisfaction; 2) to provide a profile of HA satisfaction in daily life; and 3) to examine the reasons why people gave up using HAs. Materials and Methods: Data for 1148 respondents were statistically analyzed and reported. Results: In the study, age (β=-0.03, p<0.01), level of education (β=1.21, p<0.01), HA purchase price (β=1.50, p<0.01), bilateral amplification (β=1.23, p<0.01), wearing time (β=0.28, p<0.01), and HA fitting and fine tuning on a regular basis (β=1.71, p<0.01) significantly influenced HA satisfaction. In addition, the authors observed that the most satisfactory factors were clarity of sound (53.5%), people’s trust in their HA (61.7%), and listening from a quiet environment (72.8%) in the domains of sound quality, HA features, and listening environments, respectively. Finally, with multiple choices being possible, 65% of the 40 respondents who no longer used HAs answered that their HAs ended up in a drawer since the background noise was annoying and distracting. Conclusion This study is significant in that it is a large-scale multi-center research to comprehensively examine the factors influencing HA satisfaction in South Korea. This data will provide helpful information that could lead to the successful rehabilitation of hearing loss with HAs.

In addition to many of the widely accepted risk factors of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), such as prematurity, oxygen toxicity, barotrauma, and infection, the amount of fluid intake during the early phase of life has recently been reported to be an important factor, especially the amount of colloid. Forty-one premature infants who were admitted to the NICU of Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine between Jan. 1990 and Jun. 1992 and treated for respiratory difficulty with mechanical ventilation and restrictive fluid therapy were included in the study. fourteen were diagnosed as BPD and the rest were grouped as Non-BPD. We confirmed prematurity, low birth weight, high oxygen concentration, high ventilator pressures and rates, perinatal asphyxia, acidosis, and low blood pressures as risk factors. However, with restrictive fluid therapy that we have used, there was no difference in the amount of total fluid, of crystalloid, or of colloid between BPD and Non-BPD groups, as were the urine output, serum electrolyte concentrations, and percent body weight change. The amount of colloid when used for the maintenance of adequate blood pressures and for the prevention and treatment of hypovolemia, oliguria, anemia of sepsis under the scheme of restrictive fluid therapy would not influence adversely in the development of BPD. Instead, the amount of colloid used may imply the severity of illness of the patient; that is, the more severe the condition of the patient the more the amount of colloid used.
Acidosis ; Anemia ; Asphyxia ; Barotrauma ; Body Weight Changes ; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia* ; Colloids ; Fluid Therapy* ; Humans ; Hypovolemia ; Infant, Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature* ; Oliguria ; Oxygen ; Respiration, Artificial* ; Risk Factors* ; Sepsis ; Ventilators, Mechanical

Background: The pain caused by local anesthetic injection can lead to patient anxiety prior to surgery, potentially necessitating sedation or general anesthesia during the excision procedure. In this study, we aim to compare the pain relief efficacy and safety of using a digital automatic anesthetic injector for local anesthesia. Methods: Thirty-three patients undergoing excision of a benign soft tissue tumor under local anesthesia were prospectively enrolled from September 2021 to February 2022. A single-blind, randomized controlled study was conducted. Patients were divided into two groups by randomization: the experimental group with digital automatic anesthetic injector method (I-JECT group) and the control group with conventional injection method. Before surgery, the Amsterdam preoperative anxiety information scale was used to measure the patients’ anxiety. After local anesthetic was administered, the Numeric Pain Rating Scale was used to measure the pain. The amount of anesthetic used was divided by the surface area of the lesion was recorded. Results: Seventeen were assigned to the conventional group and 16 to the I-JECT group. The mean Numeric Pain Rating Scale was 1.75 in the I-JECT group and 3.82 in conventional group. The injection pain was lower in the I-JECT group (p< 0.01). The mean Amsterdam preoperative anxiety information scale was 11.00 in the I-JECT group and 9.65 in conventional group. Patient’s anxiety did not correlate to injection pain regardless of the method of injection (p= 0.47). The amount of local anesthetic used per 1 cm 2 of tumor surface area was 0.74 mL/cm2 in the I-JECT group and 2.31 mL/cm2 in the conventional group. The normalization amount of local anesthetic was less in the I-JECT group (p< 0.01). There was no difference in the incidence of complications. Conclusion The use of a digital automatic anesthetic injector has shown to reduce pain and the amount of local anesthetics without complication.

In order to analyze the relationship between teeth and basal bone for the maintainance of the good occlusion, the mesiodistal width of teeth, the basal arch width and the basal arch length were measured on the study model of the normal occlusion group and Angle's class I malocclusion group(non-extraction group, extraction group). The Maximum tooth material, the percentage of basal arch width to maximum tooth material, the percentage of basal arch length to maximum tooth material and the percentage of basal arch width plus basal arch length to maximum tooth material were calculated, and then statistical analysis was done. From this study, the obtained results were as follows; 1. In maxilla, the percentage of basal arch width to maximum tooth material was 46.9+/-2.6% in normal occlusion group, 49.4+/-3.9% in non-extraction group, and 42.5+/-3.3% in extraction group. In mandible, that was 46.6+/-2.4 % in normal occlusion group, 47.5+/-4.0% in non-extraction group, and 42.6+/-2.6% in extraction group. 2. In maxilla, the percentage of basal arch length to maximum tooth material was 33.4+/-1.9% in normal occlusion group, 33.9+/-1.8% in non-extraction group, and 28.7+/-2.5% in extraction group. In mandible, that was 34.4+/-4.3% in normal occlusion group, 36.5+/-1.9% in non-extraction group, and 31.5+/-2.5% in extraction group. 3. In maxilla, the percentage of basal arch width plus basal arch length to maximum tooth material was 80.3+/-3.4% in normal occlusion group, 83.3+/-4.8% in non-extraction group, and 71.2+/-4.3% in extraction group. In mandible, that was 81.0+/-5.2% in normal occlusion group, 84.0+/-5.4% in non-extraction group, and 74.1+/-4.1 % in extraction group. 4. In Maxilla, the 95% confidence interval of the percentage of basal arch width to maximum tooth material was 46.3-47.5% in normal occlusion group, 48.1-50.7% in non-extraction group, and 41.7-47.2% in extraction group. In mandible, that was 46.1-47.2% in normal occlusion group, 46.1-48.8% in non-extraction group, and 42.0-43.3% in extraction group. 5. In maxilla, the 95% confidence interval of the percentage of basal arch length to maximum tooth material was 32.9-33.9% in normal occlusion group, 33.3-34.5% in non-extraction group, and 28.1-29.2% in extraction group. In mandible, that was 33.4-3.4 % in normal occlusion group, 35.8-37.2% in non-extraction group, and 30.9-33.1% in extraction group. 6. In maxilla, the 95% confidence interval of the percentage of basel arch width plus basal arch length to maximum tooth material was 79.5-81.0% in normal occlusion group, 81.6-84.9% in non extraction group, and 70.1-72.2% in extraction group. In mandible, that was 79.8-82.2% in normal occlusion group, 82.1-85.5% in non-extraction group, and 73.1-75.1% in extraction group. 7. There was correlation between maxilla and mandible in the maximum tooth material, the basal arch width, the basal arch length, the percentage of basal arch width to maximum tooth material, the percentage of basal arch length to maximum tooth material and the percentage of basal arch width plus basal arch length to maximum tooth material, but not in the basal arch length of male of the extraction group. *A thesis submitted to the Council of the Graduate School of Kyungpook national University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Dental Science in December, 1991.
Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Humans ; Male ; Malocclusion* ; Mandible ; Maxilla ; Tooth*