The purpose of this study were to find out the practical way to enlarged child-raising knowledge and to enhance their satisfaction with out-patient care by evaluating how effectively the education is done by nurses for mothers with ill-child and how their satisfaction with out-patient care changed. This study was designed as a Nonequivalent Control Group study. The subjects studied were consisted of the experimental and control group. Each consisted of 50 mothers with ill-child in pediatric department at one university hospital in Seoul. The period of this study is from May 20, 1996 to June 28, 1996. The first data were collected fro both of experimental and control groups in which mothers with ill-child come to the hospital for the first time. After this being done, the experimental group had been educated by the planned program and then the second data were collected from them. On the contrary, as for the control group, there had been no education and the second data were collected on the same method. The data analysis was done by SPSS program. The results of this study are as follow, 1. The child-raising knowledge level of mothers with education was higher than that of with no education.(t=18.84, df=49, p=0.000) 2. The satisfaction with out-patient care level of mothers with education was higher than that of no education.(t=10.51, df=49, p=0.000) Based on these results, I suggest as follow, 1. The research on the patients and their family should be made not only in pediatric department, but in every out-patient department. 2. For more effective education, it is required for all out-patient nurses to research the education demand of patients and their family. 3. To increase the effect of education, there must be the consultation room in out-patient department. 4. The meetings with the mothers with ill-child of the same illness have to be established and periodical education must be executed. 5. Audio-visual education programs like video tapes are needed to make use of waiting time for the medical treatment. 6. On-line consulting program are needed.
Education ; Humans ; Mothers* ; Outpatients* ; Seoul ; Statistics as Topic ; Child Health

We report a case of mucinous cystadenoma of uncertain malignant potential and carcinoid of appendix associated with bilateral mucinous cystadenoma of ovary and pseudomyxoma peritonei. The patient was a 46-year-old female. She suffered from dyspnea and lower abdominal palpable masses for several months. Ultrasonogram showed multilocular huge ovarian cysts. Appendectomy, transabdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salphingo-oophorectomy and biopsy of omentum were performed. The bilateral ovaries measured 16 11 cm and 7X5 cm in size, respectively. The both ovaries showed multilocular cysts filled with thick mucus material. The ovarian cysts were covered by a single layer of columnar epithelium with focal proliferation. Mucus materials dissected through the ovarian stroma (pseudomyxoma ovarii). The tip of appendix was dilated and covered by mucus material. The cut surface showed a cyst and a yellowish solid mass proximal to the cyst. Microscopically, the appendiceal cyst was lined by stratified columnar epithelium with moderate cytologic atypia. Mucus material dissected through the wall. In the proximal portion of the appendix, a classic carcinoid with focal tubular form was present in submucosa and muscle layer. The omentum was covered by thick mucus material. Microscopically, the omentum showed mucinous epithelium and mucus material (pseudomyxoma peritonei).
Appendectomy ; Appendix* ; Biopsy ; Carcinoid Tumor* ; Cystadenoma, Mucinous ; Dyspnea ; Epithelium ; Female ; Humans ; Hysterectomy ; Middle Aged ; Mucins* ; Mucus ; Omentum ; Ovarian Cysts ; Ovary* ; Pseudomyxoma Peritonei* ; Ultrasonography

We report a case of mucinous cystadenoma of uncertain malignant potential and carcinoid of appendix associated with bilateral mucinous cystadenoma of ovary and pseudomyxoma peritonei. The patient was a 46-year-old female. She suffered from dyspnea and lower abdominal palpable masses for several months. Ultrasonogram showed multilocular huge ovarian cysts. Appendectomy, transabdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salphingo-oophorectomy and biopsy of omentum were performed. The bilateral ovaries measured 16 11 cm and 7X5 cm in size, respectively. The both ovaries showed multilocular cysts filled with thick mucus material. The ovarian cysts were covered by a single layer of columnar epithelium with focal proliferation. Mucus materials dissected through the ovarian stroma (pseudomyxoma ovarii). The tip of appendix was dilated and covered by mucus material. The cut surface showed a cyst and a yellowish solid mass proximal to the cyst. Microscopically, the appendiceal cyst was lined by stratified columnar epithelium with moderate cytologic atypia. Mucus material dissected through the wall. In the proximal portion of the appendix, a classic carcinoid with focal tubular form was present in submucosa and muscle layer. The omentum was covered by thick mucus material. Microscopically, the omentum showed mucinous epithelium and mucus material (pseudomyxoma peritonei).
Appendectomy ; Appendix* ; Biopsy ; Carcinoid Tumor* ; Cystadenoma, Mucinous ; Dyspnea ; Epithelium ; Female ; Humans ; Hysterectomy ; Middle Aged ; Mucins* ; Mucus ; Omentum ; Ovarian Cysts ; Ovary* ; Pseudomyxoma Peritonei* ; Ultrasonography

The Fig. 5A was given incorrectly.

No abstract available.
Breast* ; Jaundice* ; Milk, Human*

PURPOSE: To evaluate mammographic and sonographic breast parenchymal changes and the risk of breast cancer in women on hormonal replacement therapy (HRT). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study group consisted of 50 patients examined with serial mammograms and/or ultrasonograms during HRT. The control group consisted of 50 patients examined with serial mammogram for a routine health check. Mammographic parenchymal changes in both the study and control groups and so- nographic findings of 27/50 patients in study group were evaluated. RESULTS: Follow-up mammogram of the control group showed no interval change or slight evolution of parenchyma with increasing age, but the study group showed increasing parenchymal densities. Most frequently encountered finding on SOhogram in 11 women treated by estrogen alone, was ductal dilatation (7cases ;64%), whereas in 16 women treated by estrogen and progesteron it was ductal epithelial hyperplasia (8 cases; 50%). Overall, four breast cancers developed;one infiltrating ductal carcinoma and three ductal carcinoma in situ. CONCLUSION: HRT causes the changes of breast parenchyma on mammogram and sonogram of postmenopausal women, and increases the risk of developing breast cancer. Therefore, careful and regular examination should be followed in those on postmenopausal HRT.
Breast Neoplasms ; Breast* ; Carcinoma, Ductal ; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating ; Dilatation ; Estrogens ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Ultrasonography

No abstract available.
Pregnancy*

Estrogen and progesterone receptors exist in the epithelial and stromal cells of the endometrium. Proliferative disorders of the endometrium may be associated with autocrine and paracrine actions of estrogen and progesterone in epithelial and stromal cells. This study was performed to evaluate the differences estrogen and progesterone receptor(ER/PR) expression in the epithelial and stromal cells of endometrial hyperplasias and adenocarcinomas using immunohistochemical methods. Immunohistochemical analysis of proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA) was done to evaluate a possible correlation between PCNA and hormone receptor expression. Evaluation was based on samples from 31 simple hyperplasias, 30 complex hyperplasias, and 32 adenocarcinomas. The immunohistochemical expression of ER, PR and PCNA in epithelial and stromal cells were examined according to a scoring system based on the percentage of positive cells and the staining intensity. The results were as follows; 1) The expression of ER and PR in epithelial cells showed a graded, significant decreases in simple hyperplasia, complex hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma, in that order(ER: P=0.008, PR: P= 0.026). 2) PR expression in the stromal cells showed a significant decrease between hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma(P=0.003). The difference in ER expression was not significant. 3) In stromal cells, the decrease in PR expression was more prominent than the decrease in ER expression when complex hyperplasia was compared to simple hyperplasia. 4) The PCNA expression in simple and complex hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma was not higher than the expression of PCNA in nomal proliferative endometrium. There was no significant difference in PCNA expression between simple and complex hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma(P=0.073). 5) A negative correlation between PCNA and ER/PR expression was not demonstrated in simple and complex hyperplasia, or in adenocarcinoma. Endometrial hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma are probably related to a paracrine action of estrogen and progesterone in epithelial and stromal cells. A progressive loss of PR expression in stromal cells may induce abnormal proliferation of endometrium due to a disrupted hormonal balance.
Adenocarcinoma

The effect of androgen in the development of the normal prostate and the evolution of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), and prostatic adenocarcinoma has been proven. In addition to androgen, estrogen and progesterone are also thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of BPH and carcinoma. However, their exact roles are not yet known because there is no conclusive evidence. Thirty cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma and 16 cases of BPH were studied. Immunohistochemical staining for estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) in epithelial and stromal cells, respectively was performed and the results were assessed semiquantitatively based on the number of positive cells per 100 total cells. Slides were scored as negative; less than 5% of cells, 1 ; 6~15% of cells, 2 ; 16~25% of cells, and 3 ; more than 26% of cells. The relationship between ER and PR expression and the patient's age, histologic grade, and clinical stage was evaluated in prostatic adenocarcinomas. ER was negative in epithelial and in stromal cells for all prostatic adenocarcinomas and BPH cases. The PR expression in epithelial cells and in stromal cells of BPH was noted in 15 (93.8%) and 16 (100.0%) out of 16, respectively. The PR expression of carcinoma cells and stromal cells in prostatic adenocarcinoma was found in 28 (93.3%) and 23 out of 30 (76.7%), respectively. The PR immunoreactivities of stromal cells around carcinoma were 3 in 18 cases, 2 in one case, and 1 in 4 cases, but those of epithelial and stromal cells of BPH and carcinoma cells of prostatic carcinoma were similar to each other with a value of 3 in most cases. The PR expression rate of stromal cells around carcinoma was significantly correlated with the patient's age (p=0.044), but not with histologic grade and clinical stage. In summary, estrogen does not have a direct effect on the biological behavior of BPH and prostatic adenocarcinoma, but progesterone appears to play a role in the pathogenesis of BPH and prostatic adenocarcinoma. Further studies should clarify the biological role of progesterone in the human prostate.
Adenocarcinoma* ; Epithelial Cells ; Estrogens* ; Humans ; Progesterone* ; Prostate ; Prostatic Hyperplasia* ; Receptors, Progesterone* ; Stromal Cells

No abstract available.
Hepatitis B* ; Hepatitis* ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn* ; Vaccination*